Changes

==Practice in the Christian Church==

==Practice in the Christian Church==

==== Eastern Orthodoxy ====

==== Eastern Orthodoxy ====

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[demon possession|demonic activity]] is inextricably associated with [[disease]] and [[blight]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&pg=PA138&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=20#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|quote= In the Orthodox service books the prayers of exorcism attributed to '''''Basil the Great''''' are still in use, for common as well as particular cases of need. In the Latin church the rite of exorcism is now very rarely used, and then only with episcopal permission. The exorcism prayers continue the ancient association of sickness and blight with demonic activity, and the blessings of beasts and fields in the Orthodox service books to this day make a regular pairing of the ideas.|title= The Westminster handbook to patristic theology|publisher =[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref> As a result, exorcisms are quite common, even finding their way in rituals involving the blessing of [[Field (agriculture)|fields]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin"/> The exorcism ritual, found in the ''[[Euchologion]]'', is that of [[Basil of Caesarea|St. Basil the Great]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin"/> The [[baptism]] liturgy in Eastern Orthodoxy also contains an exorcism ritual.<ref name="Irving Hexham">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=79uJxu1TMFYC&pg=PA49&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|quote=In the Orthodox Church exorcism is practiced prior to baptism.|title= Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements |publisher =[[InterVarsity Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Moine de l'Eglise d'Orient - Baptism">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=J7abX63aB4IC&pg=PA44&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=16#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|title=Orthodox Spirituality: An Outline of the Orthodox Ascetical and Mystical Tradition|quote=In the Orthodox rites of Baptism, this liberating action of Christ is expressed in the denial of Satan by the catechumens and in the exorcisms of the priest.|publisher =[[St Vladimir's Seminary Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[demon possession|demonic activity]] is inextricably associated with [[disease]] and [[blight]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&pg=PA138&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=20#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|quote= In the Orthodox service books the prayers of exorcism attributed to '''''Basil the Great''''' are still in use, for common as well as particular cases of need. In the Latin church the rite of exorcism is now very rarely used, and then only with episcopal permission. The exorcism prayers continue the ancient association of sickness and blight with demonic activity, and the blessings of beasts and fields in the Orthodox service books to this day make a regular pairing of the ideas.|title= The Westminster handbook to patristic theology|publisher =[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref> As a result, exorcisms are quite common, even finding their way in rituals involving the blessing of [[Field (agriculture)|fields]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin"/> The exorcism ritual, found in the ''[[Euchologion]]'', is that of [[Basil of Caesarea|St. Basil the Great]].<ref name="John Anthony McGuckin"/> The [[baptism]] liturgy in Eastern Orthodoxy also contains an exorcism ritual.<ref name="Irving Hexham">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=79uJxu1TMFYC&pg=PA49&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=14#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|quote=In the Orthodox Church exorcism is practiced prior to baptism.|title= Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements |publisher =[[InterVarsity Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Moine de l'Eglise d'Orient - Baptism">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J7abX63aB4IC&pg=PA44&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=16#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|title=Orthodox Spirituality: An Outline of the Orthodox Ascetical and Mystical Tradition|quote=In the Orthodox rites of Baptism, this liberating action of Christ is expressed in the denial of Satan by the catechumens and in the exorcisms of the priest.|publisher =[[St Vladimir's Seminary Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>

{{quotation|Receive the exorcisms with devotion...Divine exorcisms, borrowed from the Scripture, purify the soul. —St. Cyril of Jerusalem<ref name="Moine de l'Eglise d'Orient - Exorcism">{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=J7abX63aB4IC&pg=PA44&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=16#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|title=Orthodox Spirituality: An Outline of the Orthodox Ascetical and Mystical Tradition|quote=St. Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "Receive the exorcisms with devotion...Divine exorcisms, borrowed from the Scripture, purify the soul."|publisher =[[St Vladimir's Seminary Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>}}

{{quotation|Receive the exorcisms with devotion...Divine exorcisms, borrowed from the Scripture, purify the soul. —St. Cyril of Jerusalem<ref name="Moine de l'Eglise d'Orient - Exorcism">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J7abX63aB4IC&pg=PA44&dq=orthodox+exorcism&lr=&cd=16#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20exorcism&f=false|title=Orthodox Spirituality: An Outline of the Orthodox Ascetical and Mystical Tradition|quote=St. Cyril of Jerusalem writes: "Receive the exorcisms with devotion...Divine exorcisms, borrowed from the Scripture, purify the soul."|publisher =[[St Vladimir's Seminary Press]]|accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>}}

==== Lutheranism ====

==== Lutheranism ====

The [[Lutheran Church]] traces the practice of exorcism to the Scriptural claim that [[Jesus Christ]] expelled demons with a simple command (Mark 1:23–26; 9:14–29; Luke 11:14–26).<ref name="LCMS-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=E&word=EXORCISM| title = Exorcism|publisher = Lutheran Church Missouri Synod|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> The [[Apostle (Christian)|apostles]] continued the practice with the power and in the name of Jesus (Matthew 10:1; Acts 19:11–16).<ref name="LCMS-Exorcism"/> Contrary to some [[Christian denomination|denominations]] of [[Christianity]], Lutheranism affirms that the individual, both the believer and the non-believer, can be plagued by demons, based on several arguments, including the one that "just as a believer, whom Jesus Christ has delivered from sin (Romans 6:18), can still be bound by sin in his life, so he can still be bound by a demon in his life."<ref name="Kaohsiung Lutheran Mission-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://johnsmith.asia/can_christians.htm| title = Can a Christian Have a Demon?|publisher = Kaohsiung Lutheran Mission|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref>  

The [[Lutheran Church]] traces the practice of exorcism to the Scriptural claim that [[Jesus Christ]] expelled demons with a simple command (Mark 1:23–26; 9:14–29; Luke 11:14–26).<ref name="LCMS-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=E&word=EXORCISM| title = Exorcism|publisher = Lutheran Church Missouri Synod|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> The [[Apostle (Christian)|apostles]] continued the practice with the power and in the name of Jesus (Matthew 10:1; Acts 19:11–16).<ref name="LCMS-Exorcism"/> Contrary to some [[Christian denomination|denominations]] of [[Christianity]], Lutheranism affirms that the individual, both the believer and the non-believer, can be plagued by demons, based on several arguments, including the one that "just as a believer, whom Jesus Christ has delivered from sin (Romans 6:18), can still be bound by sin in his life, so he can still be bound by a demon in his life."<ref name="Kaohsiung Lutheran Mission-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://johnsmith.asia/can_christians.htm| title = Can a Christian Have a Demon?|publisher = Kaohsiung Lutheran Mission|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref>  

After the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] abbreviated the Roman ritual used for exorcism.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc04/htm/ii.vii.htm| title = Exorcism|publisher = Christian Classics Ethereal Library|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> In 1526, the ritual was further abbreviated and the [[Insufflation|exsufflation]] was omitted. This form of the ''Lutheran Ritual for Exorcism'' was incorporated into the majority of the Lutheran service-books and implemented.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism"/><ref name="Ferber-Lutheran Exorcism">{{cite book |last=Ferber|first=Sarah|title=Demonic possession and exorcism in early modern France|year=2004 |publisher=Routledge|page=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DNS5oatndpUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=exorcism+lutheran&source=bl&ots=Fu9K0BClts&sig=2VDybAx064WNAL03kxu5jm1tr_E&hl=en&ei=NdMcSo7VMZGMNeejtJUP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#PPA38,M1|accessdate=2009-05-25|isbn=0415212650}}</ref> According to a Pastoral Handbook of the [[Lutheran Church]], {{cquote|In general, satanic possession is nothing other than an action of the devil by which, from God's permission, men are urged to sin, and he occupies their bodies, in order that they might lose eternal salvation. Thus bodily possession is an action by which the devil, from divine permission, possesses both pious and impious men in such a way that he inhabits their bodies not only according to activity, but also according to essence, and torments them, either for the punishment or for the discipline and testing of men, and for the glory of divine justice, mercy, power, and wisdom.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism"/><ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>}} These pastoral manuals warn that oftentimes, symptoms such as ecstasy, epileptic seizures, lethargy, insanity, and a frantic state of mind, are the results of natural causes and should not be mistaken for [[demon possession]].<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/lutherantheology.demonpossession.html| title = Quotes and Paraphrases from Lutheran Pastoral Handbooks of the 16th and 17th Centuries on the Topic of Demon Possession|publisher = David Jay Webber|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> According to the Lutheran Church, primary symptoms that may indicate demon possession and the need of an exorcism include:  

After the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] abbreviated the Roman ritual used for exorcism.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc04/htm/ii.vii.htm| title = Exorcism|publisher = Christian Classics Ethereal Library|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> In 1526, the ritual was further abbreviated and the [[Insufflation|exsufflation]] was omitted. This form of the ''Lutheran Ritual for Exorcism'' was incorporated into the majority of the Lutheran service-books and implemented.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism"/><ref name="Ferber-Lutheran Exorcism">{{cite book |last=Ferber|first=Sarah|title=Demonic possession and exorcism in early modern France|year=2004 |publisher=Routledge|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNS5oatndpUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=exorcism+lutheran&source=bl&ots=Fu9K0BClts&sig=2VDybAx064WNAL03kxu5jm1tr_E&hl=en&ei=NdMcSo7VMZGMNeejtJUP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#PPA38,M1|accessdate=2009-05-25|isbn=0415212650}}</ref> According to a Pastoral Handbook of the [[Lutheran Church]], {{cquote|In general, satanic possession is nothing other than an action of the devil by which, from God's permission, men are urged to sin, and he occupies their bodies, in order that they might lose eternal salvation. Thus bodily possession is an action by which the devil, from divine permission, possesses both pious and impious men in such a way that he inhabits their bodies not only according to activity, but also according to essence, and torments them, either for the punishment or for the discipline and testing of men, and for the glory of divine justice, mercy, power, and wisdom.<ref name="Christian Classics Ethereal Library-Exorcism"/><ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>}} These pastoral manuals warn that oftentimes, symptoms such as ecstasy, epileptic seizures, lethargy, insanity, and a frantic state of mind, are the results of natural causes and should not be mistaken for [[demon possession]].<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism">{{cite web|url = http://www.angelfire.com/ny4/djw/lutherantheology.demonpossession.html| title = Quotes and Paraphrases from Lutheran Pastoral Handbooks of the 16th and 17th Centuries on the Topic of Demon Possession|publisher = David Jay Webber|accessdate = 2009–05–27}}</ref> According to the Lutheran Church, primary symptoms that may indicate demon possession and the need of an exorcism include:  

#The knowledge of secret things, for example, being able to predict the future (Acts 16:16), find lost people or things, or know complex things that one has never learned (e.g., medicine). It is said that fortune-tellers often ask a spirit for help and that this spirit gives them certain powers. In that case, the evil spirit is assisting, not necessarily possessing the person bodily.<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>

#The knowledge of secret things, for example, being able to predict the future (Acts 16:16), find lost people or things, or know complex things that one has never learned (e.g., medicine). It is said that fortune-tellers often ask a spirit for help and that this spirit gives them certain powers. In that case, the evil spirit is assisting, not necessarily possessing the person bodily.<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>

#The knowledge of languages one has never learned. Just as the devil can bind one's tongue (Luke 11:14), it is reported from the early church as well as the time of the Reformation that certain demon-possessed people could speak languages they had never learned.<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>

#The knowledge of languages one has never learned. Just as the devil can bind one's tongue (Luke 11:14), it is reported from the early church as well as the time of the Reformation that certain demon-possessed people could speak languages they had never learned.<ref name="Mayes-Lutheran Exorcism"/>