Changes

* founder and Editorial Board Chairman of ''[[Amerasia]]'', whose editor, Philip Jaffe, pleaded guilty to "conspiracy to embezzle, steal and purloin" government property after [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) and [[FBI]] investigators found hundreds of government documents—many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential"—in the magazine's offices.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref>

* founder and Editorial Board Chairman of ''[[Amerasia]]'', whose editor, Philip Jaffe, pleaded guilty to "conspiracy to embezzle, steal and purloin" government property after [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) and [[FBI]] investigators found hundreds of government documents—many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential"—in the magazine's offices.<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref>

* guest editor of (and weekly columnist in) the ''[[Daily Worker]]'', the official newspaper of the Communist Party

* guest editor of (and weekly columnist in) the ''[[Daily Worker]]'', the official newspaper of the Communist Party

* assistant editor of ''[[New Masses]]'', identified by one scholar as the "semi-official spokesman of Communist letters"<ref>James Burkhart Gilbert, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xrSLRSqKgxUC&pg=PA88&sig=ibruDZ1tFl85qBg4QQK6abd8T90#PPA106,M1 Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) ISBN 0231082541, p. 106</ref>

* assistant editor of ''[[New Masses]]'', identified by one scholar as the "semi-official spokesman of Communist letters"<ref>James Burkhart Gilbert, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xrSLRSqKgxUC&pg=PA88&sig=ibruDZ1tFl85qBg4QQK6abd8T90#PPA106,M1 Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) ISBN 0231082541, p. 106</ref>

* Executive Vice-President of the Council for Pan American Democracy, which [[John Dewey]]'s Committee for Cultural Freedom alleged in April 1940 was under "outright communist control"<ref>Eugene Lyons, ''The Red Decade: The Stalinist Penetration of America'' (Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merill Company, 1941), p. 376</ref>

* Executive Vice-President of the Council for Pan American Democracy, which [[John Dewey]]'s Committee for Cultural Freedom alleged in April 1940 was under "outright communist control"<ref>Eugene Lyons, ''The Red Decade: The Stalinist Penetration of America'' (Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merill Company, 1941), p. 376</ref>

* provisional secretary of the Board of Directors for the Jefferson School for Social Science, which was, according to [[Harry Magdoff]]'s magazine, "sponsored by the Communist Party"<ref>John J. Simon, "[http://www.monthlyreview.org/nfte1099.htm Notes from the Editors]," ''Monthly Review'', Volume 51, Number 5 (October 1999)</ref>

* provisional secretary of the Board of Directors for the Jefferson School for Social Science, which was, according to [[Harry Magdoff]]'s magazine, "sponsored by the Communist Party"<ref>John J. Simon, "[http://www.monthlyreview.org/nfte1099.htm Notes from the Editors]," ''Monthly Review'', Volume 51, Number 5 (October 1999)</ref>

==Stalinist==

==Stalinist==

Field "slavishly followed the party line."<ref name=timeangel /> "[Soviet dictator Josef] [[Stalin]] was infallible," he wrote. "[A]ll my Communist surroundings told me so. So was [American Communist Party Secretary [[Earl Browder]], although on a lower level of sanctity, and so were the other CP [Communist Party] leaders."<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA57,M1 The Venona Secrets]'' (Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 57</ref> At a time when other erstwhile loyal friends of the Soviet Union were becoming disillusioned by [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]], Field defended the bloody Moscow [[show trials]], saying, "because Comrade Stalin says so, we have to believe the trials are just."<ref name="Op. cit"/>

Field "slavishly followed the party line."<ref name=timeangel /> "[Soviet dictator Josef] [[Stalin]] was infallible," he wrote. "[A]ll my Communist surroundings told me so. So was [American Communist Party Secretary [[Earl Browder]], although on a lower level of sanctity, and so were the other CP [Communist Party] leaders."<ref>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA57,M1 The Venona Secrets]'' (Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 57</ref> At a time when other erstwhile loyal friends of the Soviet Union were becoming disillusioned by [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]], Field defended the bloody Moscow [[show trials]], saying, "because Comrade Stalin says so, we have to believe the trials are just."<ref name="Op. cit"/>

A year out of college, Field joined IPR, which he described as "a bourgeois research-educational organization" funded by the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations and some of the biggest corporations in the U.S., which he claimed subsidized his publication of proposals "as anticapitalistic as the articles he wrote in later decades for ''The New Masses'' and ''The Daily Worker''."<ref>''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E0DB173BF935A25753C1A965948260 Ibid.]''</ref> He wrote a memo cautioning [[Owen Lattimore]], editor of the IPR quarterly ''Pacific Affairs'', with regard to a certain article, "the analysis is a straight [[Marxism|Marxist]] one and . . . should not be altered."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822192-1,00.html Absent-Minded Professor?]" ''Time'', March 10, 1952</ref> In his role at IPR, Field "took no pay; he was, in fact, one of the institute's most generous contributors."<ref name=timeangel /> He also "supported Communist causes in the 1930's, 40's and 50's,"<ref>Enid Nemy, ''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0D9163EF934A35751C0A9669C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/N/Nemy,%20Enid  Op. cit.]''</ref> while Russian files add that he was "generously donating money to several organizations close to" the Soviets.<ref>Bird and Chervonnaya, ''[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/su07/ales-bird.html Op. cit.]''</ref> Quigley alleged that Field served as "the chief link between the Communists and the Institute of Pacific Relations in 1928-1947." <ref>Carroll Quigley, ''Op. cit.''</ref> He served as a Trustee of IPR, along with [[Alger Hiss]], among others, until 1947.<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Security Laws, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, ''Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments'', (Washington: U S Government Printing Office, 1954), pp. 8-10</ref> Andrew Avery, ''Chicago Journal of Commerce'' (July 1, 1946), reported that Field attended the 1945 [[United Nations]] founding conference in San Francisco as an IPR representative, and also as a writer for the ''Daily Worker.''<ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/IPR03_Folder/IPR03_page4.pdf FBI Report: Southern California Division, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, June 13, 1947, p. 3] (FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 3, PDF p. 4)</ref> The presiding officer was Secretary-General [[Alger Hiss]].<ref>[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/who.html Who was Alger Hiss?] The Alger Hiss Story: Search for the Truth</ref>

A year out of college, Field joined IPR, which he described as "a bourgeois research-educational organization" funded by the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations and some of the biggest corporations in the U.S., which he claimed subsidized his publication of proposals "as anticapitalistic as the articles he wrote in later decades for ''The New Masses'' and ''The Daily Worker''."<ref>''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E0DB173BF935A25753C1A965948260 Ibid.]''</ref> He wrote a memo cautioning [[Owen Lattimore]], editor of the IPR quarterly ''Pacific Affairs'', with regard to a certain article, "the analysis is a straight [[Marxism|Marxist]] one and . . . should not be altered."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822192-1,00.html Absent-Minded Professor?]" ''Time'', March 10, 1952</ref> In his role at IPR, Field "took no pay; he was, in fact, one of the institute's most generous contributors."<ref name=timeangel /> He also "supported Communist causes in the 1930's, 40's and 50's,"<ref>Enid Nemy, ''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0D9163EF934A35751C0A9669C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/N/Nemy,%20Enid  Op. cit.]''</ref> while Russian files add that he was "generously donating money to several organizations close to" the Soviets.<ref>Bird and Chervonnaya, ''[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/su07/ales-bird.html Op. cit.]''</ref> Quigley alleged that Field served as "the chief link between the Communists and the Institute of Pacific Relations in 1928-1947." <ref>Carroll Quigley, ''Op. cit.''</ref> He served as a Trustee of IPR, along with [[Alger Hiss]], among others, until 1947.<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Security Laws, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, ''Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments'', (Washington: U S Government Printing Office, 1954), pp. 8-10</ref> Andrew Avery, ''Chicago Journal of Commerce'' (July 1, 1946), reported that Field attended the 1945 [[United Nations]] founding conference in San Francisco as an IPR representative, and also as a writer for the ''Daily Worker.''<ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/IPR03_Folder/IPR03_page4.pdf FBI Report: Southern California Division, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, June 13, 1947, p. 3] (FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 3, PDF p. 4)</ref> The presiding officer was Secretary-General [[Alger Hiss]].<ref>[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/who.html Who was Alger Hiss?] The Alger Hiss Story: Search for the Truth</ref>

==Senate Internal Security Subcommittee investigation==

==Senate Internal Security Subcommittee investigation==

In 1950, [[Louis Budenz]], former managing editor of the ''Daily Worker'', testified before the [[Tydings Committee]] to personal knowledge that Field was a Soviet espionage agent.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812297,00.html Of Cells & Onionskins]," ''Time'', May 1, 1950</ref> Questioned about this, Field refused to answer on grounds of potential self-incrimination.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812381,00.html In the Dark]," ''Time'' May 8, 1950</ref> The following year, former Soviet spy [[Whittaker Chambers]] testified before the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] that [[NKVD]] "handler" [[J. Peters]] told him in 1937 that Field was a member of the Communist underground.<ref>Romerstein and Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA434,M1 Op. cit.]'', p. 433</ref> Herbert Romerstein, former head of the office to Counter Soviet Disinformation at the [[United States Information Agency]], and the late Eric Breindel placed Field in the [[GRU]] ''apparat'', alleging that he "was an agent of Soviet miliary intelligence."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA57,M1  Ibid.]'', p. 57</ref> Bird and Chervonnaya disagree: "Documents show that he was in contact with various Soviet representatives in the United States beginning in early 1935. Some of these interactions may be described as 'active measures' on behalf of the Soviet Union. Still, what we know does not prove that Field was a full-blown Soviet agent.<ref>Bird and Chervonnaya, ''[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/the-mystery-of-ales/ Op. cit.]''</ref>

In 1950, [[Louis Budenz]], former managing editor of the ''Daily Worker'', testified before the [[Tydings Committee]] to personal knowledge that Field was a Soviet espionage agent.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812297,00.html Of Cells & Onionskins]," ''Time'', May 1, 1950</ref> Questioned about this, Field refused to answer on grounds of potential self-incrimination.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812381,00.html In the Dark]," ''Time'' May 8, 1950</ref> The following year, former Soviet spy [[Whittaker Chambers]] testified before the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|McCarran Committee]] that [[NKVD]] "handler" [[J. Peters]] told him in 1937 that Field was a member of the Communist underground.<ref>Romerstein and Breindel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA434,M1 Op. cit.]'', p. 433</ref> Herbert Romerstein, former head of the office to Counter Soviet Disinformation at the [[United States Information Agency]], and the late Eric Breindel placed Field in the [[GRU]] ''apparat'', alleging that he "was an agent of Soviet miliary intelligence."<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC&pg=PP1&dq=the+venona+secrets&sig=YjqLS-EKVnkl7tqP2RGUa0fKiUk#PPA57,M1  Ibid.]'', p. 57</ref> Bird and Chervonnaya disagree: "Documents show that he was in contact with various Soviet representatives in the United States beginning in early 1935. Some of these interactions may be described as 'active measures' on behalf of the Soviet Union. Still, what we know does not prove that Field was a full-blown Soviet agent.<ref>Bird and Chervonnaya, ''[http://www.theamericanscholar.org/the-mystery-of-ales/ Op. cit.]''</ref>

==Conviction==

==Conviction==