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The depression continued to worsened, reaching a nadir in mid-1894. Prices, trade and profits continued to fall, and unemployment reached 20%. Some 156 railroads with 30,000 miles of track went bankrupt along with 800 banks and many small businesses.<ref>Samuel Rezneck, "Unemployment, Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-1897," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 61 (1953): 324-45 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826883 in JSTOR]; Charles Hoffmann, "The Depression of the Nineties," ''Journal of Economic History'' 16 (1956): 137-64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113 in JSTOR]</ref>
The depression continued to worsened, reaching a nadir in mid-1894. Prices, trade and profits continued to fall, and unemployment reached 20%. Some 156 railroads with 30,000 miles of track went bankrupt along with 800 banks and many small businesses.<ref>Samuel Rezneck, "Unemployment, Unrest and Relief in the United States during the Depression of 1893-1897," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 61 (1953): 324-45 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1826883 in JSTOR]; Charles Hoffmann, "The Depression of the Nineties," ''Journal of Economic History'' 16 (1956): 137-64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113 in JSTOR]</ref>
In 1895 the treasury's gold dupply had almost run out and Cleveland had to borrow gold from [[J. P. Morgan]] and the New York banks, an emergency move that embarrassed his administration and strengthened the silverites.<ref>Ron Chernow, ''The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'' (2001) [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6rbt4X-VlEC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=cleveland+morgan+gold&source=web&ots=xdNS7L16bs&sig=jzVfIcyuJZqFqrQDEp3peg2nDhk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result online p. 73-74]</ref>
In 1895 the treasury's gold dupply had almost run out and Cleveland had to borrow gold from [[J. P. Morgan]] and the New York banks, an emergency move that embarrassed his administration and strengthened the silverites.<ref>Ron Chernow, ''The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'' (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6rbt4X-VlEC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=cleveland+morgan+gold&source=web&ots=xdNS7L16bs&sig=jzVfIcyuJZqFqrQDEp3peg2nDhk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result online p. 73-74]</ref>
====Wilson Gorman tariff====
====Wilson Gorman tariff====
* Brodsky, Alyn. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character'' (2000) - 496 pages; popular biography [http://www.amazon.com/Grover-Cleveland-Character-Alyn-Brodsky/dp/0312268831/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1220569775&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Brodsky, Alyn. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character'' (2000) - 496 pages; popular biography [http://www.amazon.com/Grover-Cleveland-Character-Alyn-Brodsky/dp/0312268831/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1220569775&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland: Another Look." ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1980 3(1-2): 41-50. Issn: 0364-5924, argues his energy, honesty, and devotion to duty - much more than his actual accomplishments established his claim to greatness.
* DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland: Another Look." ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1980 3(1-2): 41-50. Issn: 0364-5924, argues his energy, honesty, and devotion to duty - much more than his actual accomplishments established his claim to greatness.
* DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland," in William C. Spragens, ed. ''Popular Images of American Presidents'' (1988), ch 6 pp 131–46 [http://books.google.com/books?id=vFXHb58t340C&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=%22term+with+the+economy+panic+riddled%22&source=web&ots=JGhYGjrz2A&sig=52zcYMczc1jT8tNiYEqYW4IceF4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA131,M1 online edition], highly favorable summary by leading historian
* DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland," in William C. Spragens, ed. ''Popular Images of American Presidents'' (1988), ch 6 pp 131–46 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vFXHb58t340C&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=%22term+with+the+economy+panic+riddled%22&source=web&ots=JGhYGjrz2A&sig=52zcYMczc1jT8tNiYEqYW4IceF4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA131,M1 online edition], highly favorable summary by leading historian
* Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002), 155pp; short scholarly biography
* Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002), 155pp; short scholarly biography
* Jeffers, H. Paul. ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland.'' 2000. 385 pp. popular, focused on personality
* Jeffers, H. Paul. ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland.'' 2000. 385 pp. popular, focused on personality
* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party'' (1957), short hostile biography by liberal scholar; generally hostile [http://www.questia.com/read/474332?title=Bourbon%20Leader%3a%20Grover%20Cleveland%20and%20the%20Democratic%20Party online edition]
* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party'' (1957), short hostile biography by liberal scholar; generally hostile [http://www.questia.com/read/474332?title=Bourbon%20Leader%3a%20Grover%20Cleveland%20and%20the%20Democratic%20Party online edition]
* Nevins, Allan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932) Pulitzer Prize biography; very well written and thorough
* Nevins, Allan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932) Pulitzer Prize biography; very well written and thorough
* Whittle, James Lowry. ''Grover Cleveland'' (1896) 240 pages; old but fairly reliable study by British expert [http://books.google.com/books?id=mFsTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Whittle, James Lowry. ''Grover Cleveland'' (1896) 240 pages; old but fairly reliable study by British expert [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFsTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]
===Specialized scholarly studies===
===Specialized scholarly studies===
* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" ''New York History'' 2000 81(2): 189-210. ISSN 0146-437X; when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans
* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" ''New York History'' 2000 81(2): 189-210. ISSN 0146-437X; when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans
* Campbell, Ballard C. ''The Growth of American Government: Governance From The Cleveland Era to the Present.'' (1995). 289 pp., argues that Cleveland began the steady expansion of federal role
* Campbell, Ballard C. ''The Growth of American Government: Governance From The Cleveland Era to the Present.'' (1995). 289 pp., argues that Cleveland began the steady expansion of federal role
* Dewey, Davis Rich. ''Financial History of the United States'' (1902) 530 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=6DQ5AAAAMAAJ&dq=Dewey,+Davis+Rich.+ online text]
* Dewey, Davis Rich. ''Financial History of the United States'' (1902) 530 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=6DQ5AAAAMAAJ&dq=Dewey,+Davis+Rich.+ online text]
* Dewey, Davis R. '' National Problems: 1880-1897'' (1907), survey of era [http://books.google.com/books?id=sgQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=intitle:National+intitle:Problems+inauthor:dewey&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Dewey, Davis R. '' National Problems: 1880-1897'' (1907), survey of era [https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=intitle:National+intitle:Problems+inauthor:dewey&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act," ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1984 4(3): 44-58. ISSN 0364-5924, by conservative historian
* Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act," ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1984 4(3): 44-58. ISSN 0364-5924, by conservative historian
* Faulkner, Harold U. ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900'' (1959), scholarly survey of decade, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8541336 online edition]
* Faulkner, Harold U. ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900'' (1959), scholarly survey of decade, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8541336 online edition]
* Ford, Henry Jones. ''The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics'' (1921), [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt short overview online]
* Ford, Henry Jones. ''The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics'' (1921), [https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt short overview online]
* Hirsch, Mark D. ''William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick'' (1948), good scholarly biography of close aide [http://www.questia.com/read/95299558?title=William%20C.%20Whitney%2c%20Modern%20Warwick online edition]
* Hirsch, Mark D. ''William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick'' (1948), good scholarly biography of close aide [http://www.questia.com/read/95299558?title=William%20C.%20Whitney%2c%20Modern%20Warwick online edition]
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project Muse]
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57-77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project Muse]
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===
* Grover Cleveland, ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland,'' edited by George Frederick Parker (1982) 571 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=toH4pXJPahkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition], coverage to 1892
* Grover Cleveland, ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland,'' edited by George Frederick Parker (1982) 571 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=toH4pXJPahkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition], coverage to 1892
* Grover Cleveland, ''Presidential problems'' (1904) memoirs, [http://www.questia.com/read/8997001?title=Presidential%20Problems online edition from Questia]; [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Presidential_Problems.pdf?vid=OCLC00535681&id=OqoFAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=3T40zxIg7GU17llmt_ie4foSe5g free online edition from Google]
* Grover Cleveland, ''Presidential problems'' (1904) memoirs, [http://www.questia.com/read/8997001?title=Presidential%20Problems online edition from Questia]; [https://books.google.com/books/pdf/Presidential_Problems.pdf?vid=OCLC00535681&id=OqoFAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=3T40zxIg7GU17llmt_ie4foSe5g free online edition from Google]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/hawaii.html President Cleveland Message about Hawaii December 18, 1893] - Cleveland's message where he tried to discredit the Hawaiian Revolution. It was contradicted by the Morgan Report issued by Congress in 1894.
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/hawaii.html President Cleveland Message about Hawaii December 18, 1893] - Cleveland's message where he tried to discredit the Hawaiian Revolution. It was contradicted by the Morgan Report issued by Congress in 1894.
* National Democratic Committee. ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'' (1896) a fierce defense of Cleveland written by Gold Democrats who supported Cleveland and opposed Bryan and McKinley [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&vq=wilson&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 online from Google]
* National Democratic Committee. ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'' (1896) a fierce defense of Cleveland written by Gold Democrats who supported Cleveland and opposed Bryan and McKinley [https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&vq=wilson&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 online from Google]
* Nevins, Allan, ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908'' (1934), major collection of his letters
* Nevins, Allan, ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908'' (1934), major collection of his letters
* Parker, George Frederick. ''Recollections of Grover Cleveland,'' (1911) - 427 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=o6xYAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Parker, George Frederick. ''Recollections of Grover Cleveland,'' (1911) - 427 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=o6xYAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22grover+cleveland%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Sturgis, Amy H. ed. ''Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877-1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102138409 online edition]
* Sturgis, Amy H. ed. ''Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877-1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102138409 online edition]
* William L. Wilson; ''The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896-1897'' 1957
* William L. Wilson; ''The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896-1897'' 1957