Changes

====Interpreting the Dutch Revolt====

====Interpreting the Dutch Revolt====

Dutch historians have made the successful 80-year revolt against Spain the centerpiece of national history—as a revolt against tyranny on behalf of political, religious and economic freedom.<ref>The classic statement is by an American historian, who wrote a well-researched, very well written classic. John Lothrop Motley, ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856)  

Dutch historians have made the successful 80-year revolt against Spain the centerpiece of national history—as a revolt against tyranny on behalf of political, religious and economic freedom.<ref>The classic statement is by an American historian, who wrote a well-researched, very well written classic. John Lothrop Motley, ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856)  

[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]</ref> The Duke of Alba is depicted as the central villain, with basic causes assigned to religion and to the constitutional crisis, that is, the demand for greater local and regional autonomy. Historians stress the interplay of the economy, finance, the nobility, and the cities, as well as the military logistics, and international complications.<ref>See Marjolein Hart, ''The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt.'' (1993)</ref>  An important cause was the fear that Spanish King [[Philip II]] planned to impose an inquisition based on the fearful Spanish model to replace the local Dutch Inquisitions that complied with local customs and sentiments. The fears were sparked in the late 1550s by a new plan for Catholic bishoprics in the Low Countries and his appointment of many new bishops who were former inquisitors.<ref>See [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/supprotneth.html online  maps]</ref>  Historians have downplayed the importance of the threat because it did not in fact exist—Philip had no such plans, but the fears were nevertheless real enough to spark a revolt.  

[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]</ref> The Duke of Alba is depicted as the central villain, with basic causes assigned to religion and to the constitutional crisis, that is, the demand for greater local and regional autonomy. Historians stress the interplay of the economy, finance, the nobility, and the cities, as well as the military logistics, and international complications.<ref>See Marjolein Hart, ''The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt.'' (1993)</ref>  An important cause was the fear that Spanish King [[Philip II]] planned to impose an inquisition based on the fearful Spanish model to replace the local Dutch Inquisitions that complied with local customs and sentiments. The fears were sparked in the late 1550s by a new plan for Catholic bishoprics in the Low Countries and his appointment of many new bishops who were former inquisitors.<ref>See [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/supprotneth.html online  maps]</ref>  Historians have downplayed the importance of the threat because it did not in fact exist—Philip had no such plans, but the fears were nevertheless real enough to spark a revolt.  

After 1945 research shifted from the drama of national liberation and instead has focused on the enormous variety of political and economic conditions in Dutch towns and provinces and on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. Major breakthroughs have come in [[Social history]], especially in demographic history. Economic history has become a central topic, with the exact relationship between economics and political events highly controversial among scholars. The religious aspects of the revolt have been studied in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.

After 1945 research shifted from the drama of national liberation and instead has focused on the enormous variety of political and economic conditions in Dutch towns and provinces and on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. Major breakthroughs have come in [[Social history]], especially in demographic history. Economic history has become a central topic, with the exact relationship between economics and political events highly controversial among scholars. The religious aspects of the revolt have been studied in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.

===History surveys===

===History surveys===

* Arblaster, Paul.  ''A History of the Low Countries.'' (2006). 298 pp.   

* Arblaster, Paul.  ''A History of the Low Countries.'' (2006). 298 pp.   

* Blok, Petrus Johannes. ''History of the People of the Netherlands''  (5 vol 1898-1912) famous classic; [http://books.google.com/books?id=s8kOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 1 to 1500, online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=0coOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 2 to 1559. online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=NH8SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 3: The War with Spain 1559-1621, online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PckOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX#PPP12,M1 part 4 on Golden Age online from Google];  [http://books.google.com/books?id=gf8bAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_toc_s&cad=1 online edition from Google, vol 5 on 18th and 19th century]

* Blok, Petrus Johannes. ''History of the People of the Netherlands''  (5 vol 1898-1912) famous classic; [https://books.google.com/books?id=s8kOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 1 to 1500, online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=0coOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 2 to 1559. online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH8SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 3: The War with Spain 1559-1621, online from Google]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=PckOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX#PPP12,M1 part 4 on Golden Age online from Google];  [https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8bAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_toc_s&cad=1 online edition from Google, vol 5 on 18th and 19th century]

* Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds.  ''History of the Low Countries'' (2006) 504pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Low-Countries-J-Blom/dp/1845452720/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries complete edition online]

* Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds.  ''History of the Low Countries'' (2006) 504pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Low-Countries-J-Blom/dp/1845452720/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries complete edition online]

* Hooker, Mark T. ''The History of Holland'' (1999) 264pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Holland-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313306583/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]

* Hooker, Mark T. ''The History of Holland'' (1999) 264pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Holland-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313306583/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]

[http://www.amazon.com/Countries-1780-1940-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221088/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210207084&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

[http://www.amazon.com/Countries-1780-1940-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221088/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210207084&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Nierop, H. F. K.  ''The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500-1650''  (2nd ed. 1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Nobility-Holland-Knights-1500-1650-Cambridge/dp/0521392608/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]  

* Nierop, H. F. K.  ''The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500-1650''  (2nd ed. 1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Nobility-Holland-Knights-1500-1650-Cambridge/dp/0521392608/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]  

* Motley, John Lothrop. ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]

* Motley, John Lothrop. ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]

**Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians." ''New England Quarterly'' 1962 35(3): 318-336. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363823 in Jstor]

**Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians." ''New England Quarterly'' 1962 35(3): 318-336. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363823 in Jstor]

* Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Dutch Revolt'' (1977), 327pp

* Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Dutch Revolt'' (1977), 327pp