Changes

==Presbyterian battles==

==Presbyterian battles==

In 1905 Machen spent a year studying under liberal German theologian [[Wilhelm Herrmann|Johann Wilhelm Herrmann]].  Machen had no connection with Swiss theologian [[Karl Barth]], whose rejection of modernism at about the same time led to the school of "[[neo-orthodoxy]]."  Machen's 1923 book ''Christianity and Liberalism'' is considered a classic work of [[Fundamentalism|Anti-Modernist]] thought.  Machen maintained that theological liberalism was both un-Christian and unscientific.<ref>Chapter 19 "The Fundamentalist and Neo-Evangelical Traditions" in [http://books.google.com/books?id=e7BXpAsDXh0C&pg=RA1-PA352&vq=Fundamentalist+fanatic&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1#PRA1-PA357,M1 ''American Religious Traditions: The Shaping of Religion in the United States''], Richard E. Wentz, Fortress Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8006-3616-3</ref> His book was the conservative response to [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]]'s 1922 sermon “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” and the book ''Christianity and Progress''.  Machen even won praise from Walter Lippmann.<ref>Lippmann, ''A Preface to Morals'' (1929) [http://books.google.com/books?id=-wDICbaI80kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA32,M1 online p. 32]</ref>  Regarding Machen's ''Christianity and Liberalism'', the Yale University literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] says "I have just read my way through this, with distaste and discomfort but with reluctant and growing admiration for Machen's mind. I have never seen a stronger case made for the argument that institutional Christianity must regard cultural liberalism an enemy of faith. ... [If] Machen, a scholar and an intellect, is rightly called a Fundamentalist, then I must insist that [[Wally Amos Criswell]] and his swarm be called something else, and Know-Nothings will do very nicely."<ref>Harold Bloom. ''The American Religion''. Siomn and Schuster, 1992. page 228</ref>  

In 1905 Machen spent a year studying under liberal German theologian [[Wilhelm Herrmann|Johann Wilhelm Herrmann]].  Machen had no connection with Swiss theologian [[Karl Barth]], whose rejection of modernism at about the same time led to the school of "[[neo-orthodoxy]]."  Machen's 1923 book ''Christianity and Liberalism'' is considered a classic work of [[Fundamentalism|Anti-Modernist]] thought.  Machen maintained that theological liberalism was both un-Christian and unscientific.<ref>Chapter 19 "The Fundamentalist and Neo-Evangelical Traditions" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7BXpAsDXh0C&pg=RA1-PA352&vq=Fundamentalist+fanatic&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1#PRA1-PA357,M1 ''American Religious Traditions: The Shaping of Religion in the United States''], Richard E. Wentz, Fortress Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8006-3616-3</ref> His book was the conservative response to [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]]'s 1922 sermon “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” and the book ''Christianity and Progress''.  Machen even won praise from Walter Lippmann.<ref>Lippmann, ''A Preface to Morals'' (1929) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wDICbaI80kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA32,M1 online p. 32]</ref>  Regarding Machen's ''Christianity and Liberalism'', the Yale University literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] says "I have just read my way through this, with distaste and discomfort but with reluctant and growing admiration for Machen's mind. I have never seen a stronger case made for the argument that institutional Christianity must regard cultural liberalism an enemy of faith. ... [If] Machen, a scholar and an intellect, is rightly called a Fundamentalist, then I must insist that [[Wally Amos Criswell]] and his swarm be called something else, and Know-Nothings will do very nicely."<ref>Harold Bloom. ''The American Religion''. Siomn and Schuster, 1992. page 228</ref>  

Machen countered liberal Presbyterian figures, such as [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]] in the 1920s and [[Pearl Buck]] in the 1930s.  Machen tried and succeeded in forcing Fosdick out of the Presbyterian fold. But when he set up the "Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions" in 1933 to attack unorthodox missionaries, he was tried and suspended in 1935 from the ministry in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.

Machen countered liberal Presbyterian figures, such as [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]] in the 1920s and [[Pearl Buck]] in the 1930s.  Machen tried and succeeded in forcing Fosdick out of the Presbyterian fold. But when he set up the "Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions" in 1933 to attack unorthodox missionaries, he was tried and suspended in 1935 from the ministry in the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.