Changes

Although many leftists [http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-08-11/news/0908100426_1_town-hall-meetings-swastikas-bob-macguffie try] to [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CNQTwSZCPo deny] it, “modern, political [[anti-Semitism]] is a creature of the [[Liberal|left]] as well as the right,” admits Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine, a [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/emeritus/robertfine/home/mycv/ member] of the [http://www.cseweb.org.uk/ Conference of Socialist Economists].<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006).</ref> "[A]nti-Semitism that we might call populist or democratic.... is linked equally to the left and right," agrees George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "to the new [[nationalism]], but also to certain tendencies in [[socialism]]."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> Omer Bartov of Brown University comments:

Although many leftists [http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-08-11/news/0908100426_1_town-hall-meetings-swastikas-bob-macguffie try] to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CNQTwSZCPo deny] it, “modern, political [[anti-Semitism]] is a creature of the [[Liberal|left]] as well as the right,” admits Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine, a [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/sociology/staff/emeritus/robertfine/home/mycv/ member] of the [http://www.cseweb.org.uk/ Conference of Socialist Economists].<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006).</ref> "[A]nti-Semitism that we might call populist or democratic.... is linked equally to the left and right," agrees George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "to the new [[nationalism]], but also to certain tendencies in [[socialism]]."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> Omer Bartov of Brown University comments:

{{cquote|[O]ne of the most frightening aspects of Hitler's book is not that he said what he said at the time, but that much of what he said can be found today in innumerable places ... As long as it does not have Hitler's name attached to it, this deranged discourse will be ignored or allowed to pass. The voices that express these opinions do not belong to a single political or ideological current ... They belong to the right and the left, to the religious and the secular, to the West and the East, to the rabble and the leaders, to terrorists and intellectuals, students and peasants, pacifists and militants, expansionists and anti-globalization activists.<ref>Omer Bartov, "[http://www.tnr.com/article/he-meant-what-he-said He Meant What He Said]," ''The New Republic'', February 2, 2004</ref>}}

{{cquote|[O]ne of the most frightening aspects of Hitler's book is not that he said what he said at the time, but that much of what he said can be found today in innumerable places ... As long as it does not have Hitler's name attached to it, this deranged discourse will be ignored or allowed to pass. The voices that express these opinions do not belong to a single political or ideological current ... They belong to the right and the left, to the religious and the secular, to the West and the East, to the rabble and the leaders, to terrorists and intellectuals, students and peasants, pacifists and militants, expansionists and anti-globalization activists.<ref>Omer Bartov, "[http://www.tnr.com/article/he-meant-what-he-said He Meant What He Said]," ''The New Republic'', February 2, 2004</ref>}}

In the 1970s and 80s, during the heart of the [[Cold War]] debate, [[anti-Americanism]], anti-Israeli sentiment, and anti-Semitism "were fringe phenomena while now they are more fashionable and mainstream ... [T]hese sentiments are no longer the monopoly of any particular part of the political spectrum. They are there on the European Left, Right, and in the center," agrees Jeffrey Gedman, president of London's Legatum Institute.<ref>Jeffrey Gedmin, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=633&TTL=Experiencing_European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Israelism Experiencing European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Israelism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 27 (December 2004), Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref>

In the 1970s and 80s, during the heart of the [[Cold War]] debate, [[anti-Americanism]], anti-Israeli sentiment, and anti-Semitism "were fringe phenomena while now they are more fashionable and mainstream ... [T]hese sentiments are no longer the monopoly of any particular part of the political spectrum. They are there on the European Left, Right, and in the center," agrees Jeffrey Gedman, president of London's Legatum Institute.<ref>Jeffrey Gedmin, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=633&TTL=Experiencing_European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Israelism Experiencing European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Israelism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 27 (December 2004), Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref>

There were "strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in [[Karl Marx|Marx]]'s time," writes Fine; "[T]here is a strong tradition of [https://www.ushmm.org/media/emu/get?irn=544974&mm_irn=32140&file=primary anti-Semitism on the Left].”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006)</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes William Coleman of the Australian National University. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref>

There were "strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in [[Karl Marx|Marx]]'s time," writes Fine; "[T]here is a strong tradition of [https://www.ushmm.org/media/emu/get?irn=544974&mm_irn=32140&file=primary anti-Semitism on the Left].”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006)</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes William Coleman of the Australian National University. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref>

From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes Mosse. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn [[capitalism]] as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves."<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>

From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes Mosse. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn [[capitalism]] as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves."<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>

“The Marxist, postmodern and post-[[Zionist]] pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French [[Enlightenment]], in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of [[Tel Aviv]] University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref>  

“The Marxist, postmodern and post-[[Zionist]] pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French [[Enlightenment]], in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of [[Tel Aviv]] University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref>  

{{cquote|Dissatisfaction with the practical consequences of Liberalism was even stronger in economic than in political matters; anti-capitalism was, after all, one of the oldest and most natural forms of anti-Semitism. Liberal society was characterized by a high degree of social mobility with a premium on individual worth and ability. Perhaps this pill was the hardest to swallow. All those who had an assured place in an ordered hierarchy, even if it was a comparatively low one, looked with distaste on an order which allowed others to rise to positions of eminence and influence ... anti-Semitism is anti-capitalist since capitalism is one of the causes of social mobility.<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The Rise of Political Anti-semitism in Germany & Austria] (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, pp. 42-43</ref>}}

{{cquote|Dissatisfaction with the practical consequences of Liberalism was even stronger in economic than in political matters; anti-capitalism was, after all, one of the oldest and most natural forms of anti-Semitism. Liberal society was characterized by a high degree of social mobility with a premium on individual worth and ability. Perhaps this pill was the hardest to swallow. All those who had an assured place in an ordered hierarchy, even if it was a comparatively low one, looked with distaste on an order which allowed others to rise to positions of eminence and influence ... anti-Semitism is anti-capitalist since capitalism is one of the causes of social mobility.<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The Rise of Political Anti-semitism in Germany & Austria] (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, pp. 42-43</ref>}}

“[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref>

“[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref>

Some of the most prominent thinkers of the Enlightenment were virulent anti-Semites: [[Voltaire]] denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref> [[Immanuel Kant]] expressed similar views: "'The Jews still cannot claim any true genius, any truly great man. All their talents and skills revolve around stratagems and low cunning ... They are a nation of swindlers."<ref>[[Alan Dershowitz|Alan M. Dershowitz]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 113</ref>

Some of the most prominent thinkers of the Enlightenment were virulent anti-Semites: [[Voltaire]] denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref> [[Immanuel Kant]] expressed similar views: "'The Jews still cannot claim any true genius, any truly great man. All their talents and skills revolve around stratagems and low cunning ... They are a nation of swindlers."<ref>[[Alan Dershowitz|Alan M. Dershowitz]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 113</ref>

==Early Socialist Anti-Semitism==

==Early Socialist Anti-Semitism==

"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> "Certain anti-economists affiliated with the socialist movement held Jews

"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> "Certain anti-economists affiliated with the socialist movement held Jews

to be potentates of an oppressive contemporary social order."<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.368.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'' (Duke University Press), Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), p. 764</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref>

to be potentates of an oppressive contemporary social order."<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.368.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'' (Duke University Press), Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), p. 764</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref>

“Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> Early socialism was inseparable from anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> "[V]irtually every major figure in the early history of socialism — including [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Charles Fourier]], [[Ferdinand Lassalle]], [[Marx]], and [[Pierre Joseph Proudhon|Joseph Proudhon]] — showed a marked antipathy to Jews," observes [[Daniel Pipes]].<ref>Daniel Pipes, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PPdv8sAtZ4UC Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684871114, p. 88</ref>  In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.<ref>Zosa Szajkowski, ''[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4464737 The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France]'', ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60</ref>

“Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> Early socialism was inseparable from anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> "[V]irtually every major figure in the early history of socialism — including [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Charles Fourier]], [[Ferdinand Lassalle]], [[Marx]], and [[Pierre Joseph Proudhon|Joseph Proudhon]] — showed a marked antipathy to Jews," observes [[Daniel Pipes]].<ref>Daniel Pipes, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PPdv8sAtZ4UC Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684871114, p. 88</ref>  In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.<ref>Zosa Szajkowski, ''[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4464737 The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France]'', ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60</ref>

===Leroux===

===Leroux===

Pierre Leroux (1797–1871), who coined the word "socialism", “identified the Jews with the despised capitalism, and regarded them as the incarnation of mammon, who lived by exploiting others.”<ref>Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VK0llzUqQ2YC Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2003) ISBN 0743246209, p. 127</ref> He said, "When we speak of the Jews, we mean the Jewish spirit – the spirit of profit, of lucre, of gain, the spirit of commerce, of speculation, in a word, the banker spirit."<ref>Lewis S. Feuer and Irving Horowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8TwfWRr21zEC Ideology and the Ideologists]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1412814421, p. 141</ref> "The true successor of Napoleon," wrote Leroux, "is the Jew."<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.368.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'' (Duke University Press), Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), p. 764</ref>

Pierre Leroux (1797–1871), who coined the word "socialism", “identified the Jews with the despised capitalism, and regarded them as the incarnation of mammon, who lived by exploiting others.”<ref>Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0llzUqQ2YC Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2003) ISBN 0743246209, p. 127</ref> He said, "When we speak of the Jews, we mean the Jewish spirit – the spirit of profit, of lucre, of gain, the spirit of commerce, of speculation, in a word, the banker spirit."<ref>Lewis S. Feuer and Irving Horowitz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwfWRr21zEC Ideology and the Ideologists]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1412814421, p. 141</ref> "The true successor of Napoleon," wrote Leroux, "is the Jew."<ref>William Oliver Coleman, "[http://www.bupedu.com/lms/admin/uploded_article/eA.368.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'' (Duke University Press), Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), p. 764</ref>

===Fichte===

===Fichte===

"[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] (1762–1814). "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref>

"[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] (1762–1814). "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref>

===Fourier===

===Fourier===

Early socialist [[Charles Fourier]] (1768–1830) attacked (classical) "liberal retrogression" (i.e., ''laissez faire'' capitalism) for what he called "monstrous actions, such as the admission of the Jews to the rights of citizens" which, he wrote, introduce into society "parasites, unproductives." He added, "The Jewish nation is not civilised ... it devotes itself exclusively to traffic, to usury, and to mercantile depravity ... Every government having regard to good morals ought to repress the Jews," whom Fourier described as "all parasites, merchants, usurers, etc."<ref>Charles Fourier (Tr. Julian H. Franklin), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w2CgXn5jAm8C Selections from the Works of Fourier]'' (Allen & Unwin, 1901), p. 96. Cf. Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' [W. W. Norton & Company, 1999] ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Fourier's disciple, Alphonse Toussenel, called Jews "the kings of the epoch," writing that "Europe is entailed to the domination of Israel. This universal domination, of which so many conquerors have dreamed, the Jews have in their hands."<ref>George Lichtheim, "Socialism and the Jews," [http://search.opinionarchives.com/Dissent_Web/DigitalArchive.aspx?panes=1&aid=01504314_1 ''Dissent'', Vol. 15, No. 4 (July 1968)], p. 320</ref> "[I]ndustrial feudalism"&mdash;as Toussenel called capitalism&mdash;"is personified in the cosmopolitan Jew."<ref>Jacob Katz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeH_uNpWbZAC From prejudice to destruction: anti-Semitism, 1700-1933]'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) ISBN 0674325079, p. 125</ref>

Early socialist [[Charles Fourier]] (1768–1830) attacked (classical) "liberal retrogression" (i.e., ''laissez faire'' capitalism) for what he called "monstrous actions, such as the admission of the Jews to the rights of citizens" which, he wrote, introduce into society "parasites, unproductives." He added, "The Jewish nation is not civilised ... it devotes itself exclusively to traffic, to usury, and to mercantile depravity ... Every government having regard to good morals ought to repress the Jews," whom Fourier described as "all parasites, merchants, usurers, etc."<ref>Charles Fourier (Tr. Julian H. Franklin), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=w2CgXn5jAm8C Selections from the Works of Fourier]'' (Allen & Unwin, 1901), p. 96. Cf. Bernard Lewis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' [W. W. Norton & Company, 1999] ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Fourier's disciple, Alphonse Toussenel, called Jews "the kings of the epoch," writing that "Europe is entailed to the domination of Israel. This universal domination, of which so many conquerors have dreamed, the Jews have in their hands."<ref>George Lichtheim, "Socialism and the Jews," [http://search.opinionarchives.com/Dissent_Web/DigitalArchive.aspx?panes=1&aid=01504314_1 ''Dissent'', Vol. 15, No. 4 (July 1968)], p. 320</ref> "[I]ndustrial feudalism"&mdash;as Toussenel called capitalism&mdash;"is personified in the cosmopolitan Jew."<ref>Jacob Katz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeH_uNpWbZAC From prejudice to destruction: anti-Semitism, 1700-1933]'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) ISBN 0674325079, p. 125</ref>

===Dühring===

===Dühring===

Marx's mentor Bruno Bauer published antisemitic articles by Marx's intellectual rival in the [[SPD|German Social Democratic Party]], Eugen Dühring, "describing Jews as idle usurers exploiting productive labor."<ref>Richard S. Levy, ''[http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Antisemitism.html?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution]'', Volume 1 (ABC-CLIO, 2005) ISBN 1851094393, pp. 61-62</ref>

Marx's mentor Bruno Bauer published antisemitic articles by Marx's intellectual rival in the [[SPD|German Social Democratic Party]], Eugen Dühring, "describing Jews as idle usurers exploiting productive labor."<ref>Richard S. Levy, ''[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Antisemitism.html?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution]'', Volume 1 (ABC-CLIO, 2005) ISBN 1851094393, pp. 61-62</ref>

===Proudhon===

===Proudhon===

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), one of the [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html leading socialist] theorists of his day (and a [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1846/letters/46_05_05.htm correspondent of Marx]), called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race”;<ref>Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> "The Jew is by temperament an anti-producer, neither a farmer nor an industrialist nor even a true merchant," wrote Prodhon. "He is an intermediary, always fraudulent and parasitic, who operates, in trade as in philosophy, by means of falsification, counterfeiting, and horse-trading."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice] (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> He wrote, "This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated."<ref>Daniel Halévy and Pierre Haubtmann, eds., ''Carnets de P.J. Proudhon'' (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1961), Vol. II, p. 337; Vol. VI, p. 178</ref> "By fire or fusion, or by expulsion the Jew must disappear."<ref>Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy] (Westminster John Knox Press, 2003) ISBN 0664223532, p. 77</ref>

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), one of the [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html leading socialist] theorists of his day (and a [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1846/letters/46_05_05.htm correspondent of Marx]), called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race”;<ref>Norman Podhoretz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> "The Jew is by temperament an anti-producer, neither a farmer nor an industrialist nor even a true merchant," wrote Prodhon. "He is an intermediary, always fraudulent and parasitic, who operates, in trade as in philosophy, by means of falsification, counterfeiting, and horse-trading."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice] (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> He wrote, "This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated."<ref>Daniel Halévy and Pierre Haubtmann, eds., ''Carnets de P.J. Proudhon'' (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1961), Vol. II, p. 337; Vol. VI, p. 178</ref> "By fire or fusion, or by expulsion the Jew must disappear."<ref>Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy] (Westminster John Knox Press, 2003) ISBN 0664223532, p. 77</ref>

===Bakhunin===

===Bakhunin===

Mikhail Bakunin, Marx's intellectual rival in the First International, called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite,”<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> Jews, he wrote, are disqualified from socialist leadership by "that mercantile passion which constitutes one of the principle traits of their national character."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice] (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 113</ref>

Mikhail Bakunin, Marx's intellectual rival in the First International, called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite,”<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> Jews, he wrote, are disqualified from socialist leadership by "that mercantile passion which constitutes one of the principle traits of their national character."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice] (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 113</ref>

===L'Affaire Dreyfus/"J'Accuse"===

===L'Affaire Dreyfus/"J'Accuse"===

When the bourgeois<ref>"M. Doumic on Victor Hugo as a Bourgeois," Boston ''Transcript'' (reprinted in Theodore Stanton, "M. René Doumic," New York ''Evening Post'', March 24, 1898, as cited in [http://books.google.com/books?id=Y94aAAAAYAAJ ''Public Opinion'', Vol. XXIV, No. 12] (January–June, 1898), p. 374</ref> [[Victor Hugo]], a cultural Catholic,<ref>John Andrew Frey, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC A Victor Hugo encyclopedia]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) ISBN 0313298963, p. 222</ref> defended [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a Jewish officer scapegoated by the French army, the French socialist press published a manifesto denouncing Hugo's crusade on the grounds that Jewish capitalists would use the rehabilitation of a single Jew to wash out "all the sins of Israel."<ref>Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bIHtJzYCkqEC Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History]'' (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 0061374989, p. 275</ref>

When the bourgeois<ref>"M. Doumic on Victor Hugo as a Bourgeois," Boston ''Transcript'' (reprinted in Theodore Stanton, "M. René Doumic," New York ''Evening Post'', March 24, 1898, as cited in [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y94aAAAAYAAJ ''Public Opinion'', Vol. XXIV, No. 12] (January–June, 1898), p. 374</ref> [[Victor Hugo]], a cultural Catholic,<ref>John Andrew Frey, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC A Victor Hugo encyclopedia]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) ISBN 0313298963, p. 222</ref> defended [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a Jewish officer scapegoated by the French army, the French socialist press published a manifesto denouncing Hugo's crusade on the grounds that Jewish capitalists would use the rehabilitation of a single Jew to wash out "all the sins of Israel."<ref>Joseph Telushkin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bIHtJzYCkqEC Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History]'' (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 0061374989, p. 275</ref>

===Hyndman===

===Hyndman===

Henry Hyndman, founder of Britain's atheistic, Marxist Social Democratic Federation (Britain's first socialist party) and National Socialist Party (now part of the [[Labour Party]]), "repeatedly invoked the stereotype of the 'rich capitalist Jew' in his anti-semitic remarks."<ref>Karin Hofmeester, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYZrdkniDYkC Jewish Workers and the Labour Movement: A Comparative Study of Amsterdam, London and Paris, 1870-1914]'' (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004) ISBN 0754609073, p. 304</ref> "Jew moneylenders," complained Hyndman's ''Justice, Organ of the Social Democracy'' (the first Marxist periodical in England),<ref>Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland]'' [Academia Press, 2009] ISBN 9038213409, p. 328</ref> "now control nearly every Foreign Office in Europe."<ref>Guido Kisch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5h8WAAAAIAAJ Historia judaica: a journal of studies in Jewish history, especially in legal and economic history of the Jews'', Volumes 13-14] (Historia Judaica, 1951), p. 44</ref> He blamed the Boer war on "Jew financial cliques" and the "Jew-jingo press."<ref>Martin Crick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eea_kByVYsoC The History of the Social-Democratic Federation] (Edinburgh University Press, 1994) ISBN 1853310913, p. 159</ref>

Henry Hyndman, founder of Britain's atheistic, Marxist Social Democratic Federation (Britain's first socialist party) and National Socialist Party (now part of the [[Labour Party]]), "repeatedly invoked the stereotype of the 'rich capitalist Jew' in his anti-semitic remarks."<ref>Karin Hofmeester, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYZrdkniDYkC Jewish Workers and the Labour Movement: A Comparative Study of Amsterdam, London and Paris, 1870-1914]'' (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004) ISBN 0754609073, p. 304</ref> "Jew moneylenders," complained Hyndman's ''Justice, Organ of the Social Democracy'' (the first Marxist periodical in England),<ref>Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland]'' [Academia Press, 2009] ISBN 9038213409, p. 328</ref> "now control nearly every Foreign Office in Europe."<ref>Guido Kisch, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5h8WAAAAIAAJ Historia judaica: a journal of studies in Jewish history, especially in legal and economic history of the Jews'', Volumes 13-14] (Historia Judaica, 1951), p. 44</ref> He blamed the Boer war on "Jew financial cliques" and the "Jew-jingo press."<ref>Martin Crick, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eea_kByVYsoC The History of the Social-Democratic Federation] (Edinburgh University Press, 1994) ISBN 1853310913, p. 159</ref>

===Sombart===

===Sombart===

Werner Sombart, a German economist, sociologist and self-proclaimed "convinced Marxist"<ref>Hermynia Zur Mühlen (Tr. Lionel Gossman), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_gd1Aw0ZlEwC The End and the Beginning: The Book of My Life, Volume 1]'' (Open Book Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1906924279, p. 241</ref> – praised by Friedrich Engels as the only German professor who understood ''Das Kapital''<ref>Frederick Engels, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/supp.htm Introduction], ''Capital'' Volume III (Supplement), 1894. Cf. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_03_11.htm Engels To W. Sombart in Breslaun, London, March 11, 1895], in ''Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutscher Arbeiterbewegung'' No. 3, 1961, reprinted in Marx and Engels, ''Selected Works'', Volume 3, pp. 504-506. Marxists Internet Archive (marxists.org)</ref> – wrote that "modern capitalism is nothing more or less than an expression of the Jewish spirit."<ref>Werner Sombart, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=P33VHF1aBAcC The Jews and Modern Capitalism]'' (E. P. Dutton, 1913), p. 38</ref> According to the ''Universal Jewish Encyclopaedia'', Sombart "[http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2009/09/capitalism_and.html accused the Jews of having created capitalism]" – as should perhaps be expected of a "convinced Marxist" (Marx viewed Jews as "responsible for capitalism," according to Princeton's Bernard Lewis.)<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref>

Werner Sombart, a German economist, sociologist and self-proclaimed "convinced Marxist"<ref>Hermynia Zur Mühlen (Tr. Lionel Gossman), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_gd1Aw0ZlEwC The End and the Beginning: The Book of My Life, Volume 1]'' (Open Book Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1906924279, p. 241</ref> – praised by Friedrich Engels as the only German professor who understood ''Das Kapital''<ref>Frederick Engels, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/supp.htm Introduction], ''Capital'' Volume III (Supplement), 1894. Cf. [https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_03_11.htm Engels To W. Sombart in Breslaun, London, March 11, 1895], in ''Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutscher Arbeiterbewegung'' No. 3, 1961, reprinted in Marx and Engels, ''Selected Works'', Volume 3, pp. 504-506. Marxists Internet Archive (marxists.org)</ref> – wrote that "modern capitalism is nothing more or less than an expression of the Jewish spirit."<ref>Werner Sombart, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P33VHF1aBAcC The Jews and Modern Capitalism]'' (E. P. Dutton, 1913), p. 38</ref> According to the ''Universal Jewish Encyclopaedia'', Sombart "[http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2009/09/capitalism_and.html accused the Jews of having created capitalism]" – as should perhaps be expected of a "convinced Marxist" (Marx viewed Jews as "responsible for capitalism," according to Princeton's Bernard Lewis.)<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref>

===Dreiser===

===Dreiser===

[[Theodore Dreiser]], an [[atheist]]<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html Religion: Atheist's Oath]," ''Time'', August 20, 1928</ref> as well as a [[Communist]],"<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> was also a virulent [[anti-Semite]]<ref>"the Jew ... has been in America all of two hundred years, and he has not faded into a pure American by any means, and he will not. As I said before, he maintains his religious dogmas and his racial sympathies, race characteristics, and race cohesion as against all the types or nationalities surrounding him wheresoever." Dreiser quoted in Lee Bernstein, "The Avengers of Christie: Street Racism and Jewish Working-Class Rebellion in Mike Gold’s 'Jews Without Money''," in Janet Galligani Casey, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=0wLliXDo2iwC The Novel and the American Left: Critical Essays on Depression-Era Fiction]'' (University of Iowa Press, 2004) 1587294753, p. 118</ref> and defender of [[Hitler]].<ref>Dreiser excused the Holocaust, saying that British rule in India "makes Germany's cruelties seem like a pipe dream," and "If Germany can beat England at the game of mass human torture ... it will have to go some." The editor explains in a footnote that Dreiser was parroting the Communist Party line during the Nazi-Soviet pact "by portraying Britain as a greater threat to world democracy and peace than Germany." (Frederic E. Rusch and Donald Pizer, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQL7UitACW4C Theodore Dreiser: Interviews]'' (University of Illinois Press, 2004) ISBN 0252029437, p. 305) Cf. H. Elias, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TKtEAAAAYAAJ Letters of Theodore Dreiser: A Selection, vol. 2]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), pp. 405, 650–52; Richard Tuerk, “The American Spectator Symposium Controversy: Was Dreiser Anti-Semitic?” ''Prospects 16'' (1991), pp. 367–89; Louis Harap, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC Creative Awakening: The Jewish Presence in Twentieth-Century American Literature, 1900-1940s],'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987) ISBN 0313253862, pp. 128-132.</ref> New York is a "kike's dream of a ghetto," he wrote; Jews are not "pure Americans" and "lack integrity."<ref>Alan M. Dershowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 113</ref>

[[Theodore Dreiser]], an [[atheist]]<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html Religion: Atheist's Oath]," ''Time'', August 20, 1928</ref> as well as a [[Communist]],"<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> was also a virulent [[anti-Semite]]<ref>"the Jew ... has been in America all of two hundred years, and he has not faded into a pure American by any means, and he will not. As I said before, he maintains his religious dogmas and his racial sympathies, race characteristics, and race cohesion as against all the types or nationalities surrounding him wheresoever." Dreiser quoted in Lee Bernstein, "The Avengers of Christie: Street Racism and Jewish Working-Class Rebellion in Mike Gold’s 'Jews Without Money''," in Janet Galligani Casey, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0wLliXDo2iwC The Novel and the American Left: Critical Essays on Depression-Era Fiction]'' (University of Iowa Press, 2004) 1587294753, p. 118</ref> and defender of [[Hitler]].<ref>Dreiser excused the Holocaust, saying that British rule in India "makes Germany's cruelties seem like a pipe dream," and "If Germany can beat England at the game of mass human torture ... it will have to go some." The editor explains in a footnote that Dreiser was parroting the Communist Party line during the Nazi-Soviet pact "by portraying Britain as a greater threat to world democracy and peace than Germany." (Frederic E. Rusch and Donald Pizer, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQL7UitACW4C Theodore Dreiser: Interviews]'' (University of Illinois Press, 2004) ISBN 0252029437, p. 305) Cf. H. Elias, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TKtEAAAAYAAJ Letters of Theodore Dreiser: A Selection, vol. 2]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), pp. 405, 650–52; Richard Tuerk, “The American Spectator Symposium Controversy: Was Dreiser Anti-Semitic?” ''Prospects 16'' (1991), pp. 367–89; Louis Harap, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC Creative Awakening: The Jewish Presence in Twentieth-Century American Literature, 1900-1940s],'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987) ISBN 0313253862, pp. 128-132.</ref> New York is a "kike's dream of a ghetto," he wrote; Jews are not "pure Americans" and "lack integrity."<ref>Alan M. Dershowitz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 113</ref>

==Organizations==

==Organizations==

Britain's [[Fabian Society]] (which "set up the banner of socialism militant")<ref>G. Bernard Shaw, "[http://walterschafer.com/fabiansocietyhistory.htm Fabian Tract No. 41: The Fabian Society, Its Early History]," (Fabian Society Reprint, 1899)</ref> hosted a number of anti-Semites, including Beatrice Webb, [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[H.G. Wells]], J.A. Hobson, and [[Oswald Mosley]].

Britain's [[Fabian Society]] (which "set up the banner of socialism militant")<ref>G. Bernard Shaw, "[http://walterschafer.com/fabiansocietyhistory.htm Fabian Tract No. 41: The Fabian Society, Its Early History]," (Fabian Society Reprint, 1899)</ref> hosted a number of anti-Semites, including Beatrice Webb, [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[H.G. Wells]], J.A. Hobson, and [[Oswald Mosley]].

Beatrice Webb, who played a crucial role in the founding of the Fabian Society, wrote that “the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.)<ref>Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/bookes?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July–December 1888), p. 176.</ref> "A careful study of anti-Semitism, prejudice and accusations might be of great value to many Jews," wrote H.G. Wells, "who do not adequately realize the irritation they inflict."<ref>Alan M. Dershowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 112</ref> George Bernard Shaw once exhorted Jews to "stop being Jews and start being human beings."<ref>Shaw Society of America, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HERbAAAAMAAJ The Shaw review, Volumes 3-4] (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1960), p. 13</ref>

Beatrice Webb, who played a crucial role in the founding of the Fabian Society, wrote that “the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.)<ref>Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[https://books.google.com/bookes?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July–December 1888), p. 176.</ref> "A careful study of anti-Semitism, prejudice and accusations might be of great value to many Jews," wrote H.G. Wells, "who do not adequately realize the irritation they inflict."<ref>Alan M. Dershowitz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3jjNW-_TnusC Chutzpah]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1992) ISBN 0671760890, p. 112</ref> George Bernard Shaw once exhorted Jews to "stop being Jews and start being human beings."<ref>Shaw Society of America, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HERbAAAAMAAJ The Shaw review, Volumes 3-4] (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1960), p. 13</ref>

J.A. Hobson blamed London poverty on "the foreign Jew," whom he described as "a terrible competitor. He is ... almost void of social morality. No compunction or consideration for his fellow-worker will keep him from underselling and overreaching them; he acquires a thorough mastery of all the dishonourable tricks of trade which are difficult to restrain by law; the superior calculating intellect, which is a national heritage, is used unsparingly to enable him to take advantage of every weakness, folly, and vice of the society in which he lives."<ref>John A. Hobson, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10710/10710-h/10710-h.htm Problems of Poverty: An Inquiry into the Industrial Condition of The Poor]'' (1891), Project Gutenberg</ref> "He craves the position of a sweating-master, the lowest step in a ladder that may lead to a life of magnificence, supported out of usury."<ref>Anthony Julius, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England]'' (Oxford University Press, 2010) ISBN 0199297053, p. 405</ref> In his 1898 book ''[http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Hobson/hbsnImp.html Imperialism: A Study]''—which would profoundly influence Lenin's ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ Imperialism, the Higherst Stage of Capitalism]'' (1917) -- Hobson blamed the Boer War on "Jew power."<ref>Anthony Julius,  

J.A. Hobson blamed London poverty on "the foreign Jew," whom he described as "a terrible competitor. He is ... almost void of social morality. No compunction or consideration for his fellow-worker will keep him from underselling and overreaching them; he acquires a thorough mastery of all the dishonourable tricks of trade which are difficult to restrain by law; the superior calculating intellect, which is a national heritage, is used unsparingly to enable him to take advantage of every weakness, folly, and vice of the society in which he lives."<ref>John A. Hobson, ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10710/10710-h/10710-h.htm Problems of Poverty: An Inquiry into the Industrial Condition of The Poor]'' (1891), Project Gutenberg</ref> "He craves the position of a sweating-master, the lowest step in a ladder that may lead to a life of magnificence, supported out of usury."<ref>Anthony Julius, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England]'' (Oxford University Press, 2010) ISBN 0199297053, p. 405</ref> In his 1898 book ''[http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Hobson/hbsnImp.html Imperialism: A Study]''—which would profoundly influence Lenin's ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ Imperialism, the Higherst Stage of Capitalism]'' (1917) -- Hobson blamed the Boer War on "Jew power."<ref>Anthony Julius,  

[http://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England] (Oxford University Press, 2010) ISBN 0199297053, pp. 201-202</ref> That war, he wrote, was fought for the benefit of "a small group of international financiers, chiefly German in origin and Jewish in race."<ref>Bryan Cheyette, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HTdwPbE6KoIC Constructions of "the Jew" in English Literature and Society: Racial Representations, 1875-1945]'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995) ISBN 0521558778, p. 156</ref>

[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkSLxDBNTgC Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England] (Oxford University Press, 2010) ISBN 0199297053, pp. 201-202</ref> That war, he wrote, was fought for the benefit of "a small group of international financiers, chiefly German in origin and Jewish in race."<ref>Bryan Cheyette, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HTdwPbE6KoIC Constructions of "the Jew" in English Literature and Society: Racial Representations, 1875-1945]'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995) ISBN 0521558778, p. 156</ref>

One Fabian socialist from the 1920s and '30s, Oswald Mosley,<ref>Rose L. Martin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9_vvAAAAMAAJ Fabian Freeway: High Road to Socialism in the U.S.A., 1884-1966]'' (Fidelis, 1968), p. 62</ref> went on to found and lead the British Union of Fascists (which "at first was modeled after Mussolini’s example but later became patterned after Hitler"),<ref>Zygmund Dobbs, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=N-g1AQAAIAAJ Keynes at Harvard: economic deception as a political credo],'' (New York: Veritas Foundation, 1960), pp. 88-90</ref> in which role he was lauded by Shaw.<ref>Gareth Griffith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=aGAEWDI3SR4C Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of Bernard Shaw]'' (CRC Press, 2002) ISBN 0203210832, p. 263</ref>

One Fabian socialist from the 1920s and '30s, Oswald Mosley,<ref>Rose L. Martin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vvAAAAMAAJ Fabian Freeway: High Road to Socialism in the U.S.A., 1884-1966]'' (Fidelis, 1968), p. 62</ref> went on to found and lead the British Union of Fascists (which "at first was modeled after Mussolini’s example but later became patterned after Hitler"),<ref>Zygmund Dobbs, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N-g1AQAAIAAJ Keynes at Harvard: economic deception as a political credo],'' (New York: Veritas Foundation, 1960), pp. 88-90</ref> in which role he was lauded by Shaw.<ref>Gareth Griffith, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aGAEWDI3SR4C Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of Bernard Shaw]'' (CRC Press, 2002) ISBN 0203210832, p. 263</ref>

==Anti-capitalist anti-semitism in Germany==

==Anti-capitalist anti-semitism in Germany==

During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from [[Paris]] to [[Vienna]], where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,<ref>Viktor Karády, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline]'' (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360</ref> one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";<ref>Robert A. Kann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cG570mijBF4C A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433</ref> Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EBUBUEeUwxUC Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band'', Vol. 1], 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93</ref> Wilhelm Marr, who [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=anti-Semitism coined the term] "antisemitism," wrote that "anti-Semitism is a Socialist movement, only in nobler and purer forms than Social Democracy."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 45</ref> In late 19th  century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.<ref>Cristobal Young, "[http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/5/pages308953/p308953-1.php Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates]," Department of Sociology, Princeton University, p. 1</ref> Adolf Stöcker, leader of the  left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95.</ref> Meanwhile, anti-capitalist leader Adam Müller said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "The doctrine of egalitarian free economics and of corresponding human rights in economics, as they were formulated in a humanely well-meaning way by the Scotsmen Hume and Smith, were used by the Jews in order to derive from them their monopoly," according to the anti-semitic ''Die Judenfrage''.<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 51</ref> According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University:

During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from [[Paris]] to [[Vienna]], where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,<ref>Viktor Karády, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline]'' (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360</ref> one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";<ref>Robert A. Kann, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cG570mijBF4C A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433</ref> Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EBUBUEeUwxUC Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band'', Vol. 1], 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93</ref> Wilhelm Marr, who [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=anti-Semitism coined the term] "antisemitism," wrote that "anti-Semitism is a Socialist movement, only in nobler and purer forms than Social Democracy."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 45</ref> In late 19th  century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.<ref>Cristobal Young, "[http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/5/pages308953/p308953-1.php Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates]," Department of Sociology, Princeton University, p. 1</ref> Adolf Stöcker, leader of the  left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95.</ref> Meanwhile, anti-capitalist leader Adam Müller said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "The doctrine of egalitarian free economics and of corresponding human rights in economics, as they were formulated in a humanely well-meaning way by the Scotsmen Hume and Smith, were used by the Jews in order to derive from them their monopoly," according to the anti-semitic ''Die Judenfrage''.<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 51</ref> According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University:

{{cquote|German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.<ref>Tyler Cowen, "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-socialist-roots-of-modern-anti-semitism/ The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism]," ''The Freeman'' (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997</ref>}}

{{cquote|German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.<ref>Tyler Cowen, "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-socialist-roots-of-modern-anti-semitism/ The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism]," ''The Freeman'' (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997</ref>}}

==20th century: Stalinist anti-Semitism==

==20th century: Stalinist anti-Semitism==

According to Henry L. Feingold, director of the Jewish Resource Center at Baruch College, "socialism contained the seeds to become the anti-Semitism of the intellectuals of the Left."<ref>Henry L. Feingold, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-ZrhFjuebEEC Lest memory cease: finding meaning in the American Jewish past]'' (Syracuse University Press, 1996) ISBN 0815604009, p. 81</ref> In the 20th century, those seeds took root and grew into a forest bearing poisonous fruit. For example, in the former [[Soviet Union]], even after the death of the anti-Semite [[Stalin]],<ref>See Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov, "[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism]," ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2002), pp. 66-80. Cf. Louis Rapoport, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5rZtAAAAMAAJ Stalin's war against the Jews: the doctors' plot and the Soviet solution]'' (Free Press, 1990) ISBN 0029258219</ref> Soviet anti-Semitism persisted:

According to Henry L. Feingold, director of the Jewish Resource Center at Baruch College, "socialism contained the seeds to become the anti-Semitism of the intellectuals of the Left."<ref>Henry L. Feingold, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZrhFjuebEEC Lest memory cease: finding meaning in the American Jewish past]'' (Syracuse University Press, 1996) ISBN 0815604009, p. 81</ref> In the 20th century, those seeds took root and grew into a forest bearing poisonous fruit. For example, in the former [[Soviet Union]], even after the death of the anti-Semite [[Stalin]],<ref>See Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov, "[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism]," ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2002), pp. 66-80. Cf. Louis Rapoport, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5rZtAAAAMAAJ Stalin's war against the Jews: the doctors' plot and the Soviet solution]'' (Free Press, 1990) ISBN 0029258219</ref> Soviet anti-Semitism persisted:

{{cquote|Since World War II Jews and Judaism have been liberated in every country and territory where capitalism has been restored to vigorous growth&mdash;and this includes Germany. By contrast, wherever anticapitalism or precapitalism has prevailed the status of Jews and Judaism has either undergone deterioration or is highly precarious. Thus at this very moment the country where developing global capitalism is most advanced, the United States, accords Jews and Judaism a freedom that is known nowhere else in the world and that was never known in the past. It is a freedom that is not matched even in Israel ... By contrast, in the Soviet Union, the citadel of anticapitalism, the Jews are cowed by anti-Semitism, threatened by extinction, and barred from access to their God.<ref>Ellis Rivkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MUk1SwAACAAJ The shaping of Jewish history: A radical new interpretation],'' (C. Scribner's Sons, 1971) ISBN 0684132362, p. 240</ref>}}

{{cquote|Since World War II Jews and Judaism have been liberated in every country and territory where capitalism has been restored to vigorous growth&mdash;and this includes Germany. By contrast, wherever anticapitalism or precapitalism has prevailed the status of Jews and Judaism has either undergone deterioration or is highly precarious. Thus at this very moment the country where developing global capitalism is most advanced, the United States, accords Jews and Judaism a freedom that is known nowhere else in the world and that was never known in the past. It is a freedom that is not matched even in Israel ... By contrast, in the Soviet Union, the citadel of anticapitalism, the Jews are cowed by anti-Semitism, threatened by extinction, and barred from access to their God.<ref>Ellis Rivkin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MUk1SwAACAAJ The shaping of Jewish history: A radical new interpretation],'' (C. Scribner's Sons, 1971) ISBN 0684132362, p. 240</ref>}}

According to Nazi hunter [[Simon Wiesenthal]], during the [[Six Day War]] on Israel in 1967, the East German Communist regime employed former Nazi propagandists to write anti-Israeli propaganda, with the substitution of a few words such as “Israeli” for “Jew” and “progressive forces” for “National Socialism.”<ref>Simon Wiesenthal, ''The Same Language: First for Hitler&mdash;Now for Ulbricht'' (Bonn: Rolf Vogel, Deutschland Berichte, 1968), as cited in Jeffrey Herf, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yahqnBEEbQEC Divided memory: the Nazi past in the two Germanys]'' (Harvard University Press, 1997) ISBN 0674213033, p. 189</ref>

According to Nazi hunter [[Simon Wiesenthal]], during the [[Six Day War]] on Israel in 1967, the East German Communist regime employed former Nazi propagandists to write anti-Israeli propaganda, with the substitution of a few words such as “Israeli” for “Jew” and “progressive forces” for “National Socialism.”<ref>Simon Wiesenthal, ''The Same Language: First for Hitler&mdash;Now for Ulbricht'' (Bonn: Rolf Vogel, Deutschland Berichte, 1968), as cited in Jeffrey Herf, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yahqnBEEbQEC Divided memory: the Nazi past in the two Germanys]'' (Harvard University Press, 1997) ISBN 0674213033, p. 189</ref>

Historian Susan Urban of the Jersusalem Center for Public Affairs writes, "Germany has seen a growth of leftist anti-Semitism along with anti-imperialist, antiglobalization, and anti-Zionist attitudes."<ref>Susanne Urban, "Anti-Semitism In Germany Today: Its Roots And Tendencies1," ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' Vol. 16 (Fall 2004), pp. 3-4</ref>  The Tupamoros-West Berlin, a Communist group headed by Dieter Kunzelmann (who would later become a leader of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]]),<ref>Aribert Reimann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MGKnrkMmY5cC Dieter Kunzelmann: Avantgardist, Protestler, Radikaler],'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), ISBN 3525370105, pp. 274-286</ref> attempted to bomb Berlin's Jewish Community Center during a commemoration of the anniversary of ''Kristallnacht'' in 1969.<ref>Walter Laqueur, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' (Oxford University Press US, 2006) ISBN 0195304292, p. 147</ref>

Historian Susan Urban of the Jersusalem Center for Public Affairs writes, "Germany has seen a growth of leftist anti-Semitism along with anti-imperialist, antiglobalization, and anti-Zionist attitudes."<ref>Susanne Urban, "Anti-Semitism In Germany Today: Its Roots And Tendencies1," ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' Vol. 16 (Fall 2004), pp. 3-4</ref>  The Tupamoros-West Berlin, a Communist group headed by Dieter Kunzelmann (who would later become a leader of the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green Party]]),<ref>Aribert Reimann, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MGKnrkMmY5cC Dieter Kunzelmann: Avantgardist, Protestler, Radikaler],'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), ISBN 3525370105, pp. 274-286</ref> attempted to bomb Berlin's Jewish Community Center during a commemoration of the anniversary of ''Kristallnacht'' in 1969.<ref>Walter Laqueur, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' (Oxford University Press US, 2006) ISBN 0195304292, p. 147</ref>

"Outside of the Western communist parties, which were mostly oriented solidly towards [[Moscow]]’s anti-Zionism, a fully articulated anti-Zionism appeared only in the early 1970s with the formation of the so-called [[New Left]], which interpreted the Middle-East conflict in terms of its anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist rhetoric," reports the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. "As many authors have shown since, the anti-Zionism of the 1970s was largely not just ideological criticism of Israel, but a form of [http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf secondary anti-Semitism]. The rhetoric of these organizations, whose remnants survive into the present day, often indicates the antisemitic nature of their criticism."  

"Outside of the Western communist parties, which were mostly oriented solidly towards [[Moscow]]’s anti-Zionism, a fully articulated anti-Zionism appeared only in the early 1970s with the formation of the so-called [[New Left]], which interpreted the Middle-East conflict in terms of its anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist rhetoric," reports the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. "As many authors have shown since, the anti-Zionism of the 1970s was largely not just ideological criticism of Israel, but a form of [http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf secondary anti-Semitism]. The rhetoric of these organizations, whose remnants survive into the present day, often indicates the antisemitic nature of their criticism."  

Berlin's [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), a Communist group, was led by Ulrike Meinhof, who stated, "[[Auschwitz]] means that six million Jews were murdered and carted on to the rubbish dumps of Europe for being that which was maintained of them&mdash;Money-Jews."<ref>"''Auschwitz heisst, das sechs Millionen Juden ermordet und auf die Müllkippen Europas gekarrt wurden als das, als was man sie ausgab — als Geldjuden.''") Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=acBtAAAAMAAJ Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy]'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) ISBN 0297787195, p. 230</ref> She added that "Anti-Semitism is really hatred of capitalism."<ref>''Antisemitismus eigentlich Haß auf Kapitalismus ist.'' George Watson, "Race and the Socialists. On the Progressive Principle of Revolutionary Extermination," ''Encounter'' 47, 1976, pp. 15-18</ref> Another founder of this Communist group, Horst Mahler, an anti-Semite and  Holocaust denier,<ref>“[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,550430,00.html One-Man Right-Wing Circus Act: German Sentenced to 10 Months for Hitler Greeting],” ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' Online International</ref> was sentenced to six years in prison for incitement to racial hatred in 2005.<ref>”[http://www.ejpress.org/article/12601 Neo-Nazi Horst Mahler transferred to prison in Bavaria],” ''European Jewish Press'', December 29, 2006</ref> Despite being labeled “right-wing” in the media, this Communist revolutionary insisted in a 2007 interview that his beliefs had not changed ("[http://shoabloger.wordpress.com/texts/michael-friedman-interviews-horst-mahler-full-text/ The enemy is the same]")<ref>“Der Feind ist derselbe.” Hoerst Mahler in Michael Friedman, “[https://archive.org/download/Friedman-Michel-Interview-mit-Horst-Mahler-und-Sylvia-Stolz/FriedmanMichel-InterviewMitHorstMahlerUndSylviaStolz200789S.Text.pdf So spricht man mit Nazis],” ''Vanity Fair (German edition), November, 2007, p. 17</ref> since his days as an informant for the [[Stasi]],<ref>Helen Pidd, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/01/baader-m einhof-gang-founder-stasi Baader-Meinhof terrorist may have worked for the Stasi]," ''The Guardian'', August 1, 2011</ref> the secret police of [[German Democratic Republic|Communist East Germany]]. (After the fall of  East German Communism in 1990, it was revealed that the Stasi had been supplying the RAF with funds and logistic support, including false identities and  network of safehouses in West Belin.)<ref>John Schmeidel "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529308432225#preview My Enemy's Enemy: Twenty Years of Co-operation between West Germany's Red Army Faction and the GDR Ministry for State Security]," ''Intelligence and National Security'' Vol. 8, No. 4 (October 1993), pp. 59–72.</ref> In 1976, the Revolutionary Cells (''Revolutionäre Zellen''), another German Communist group, joined with the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (a hard-line Marxist<ref>Edmund L. Andrews and John Kifner, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/africa/27iht-obits.1.9523942.html George Habash, 82, founder of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine], ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2008</ref> terrorist group) to hijack an Air France flight to [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]], where they singled out the Jewish passengers in a plot to murder them.<ref>Stephen E. Atkins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313324859, p. 277</ref> In 1979, the [[Sandinistas]], a [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/timeline-nicaragua.php Marxist-Leninist] group, seized control of the government of [[Nicaragua]], supporting a newspaper that proclaimed that "the world's money, banking and finance are in the hands of descendants of Jews ... [C]ontrolling economic power, they control political power as now happens in the United States."<ref>''El Nuevo Diario'', July 17, 1982, as cited in Porfirio R. Solórzano, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tFwSAQAAIAAJ The Nirex Collection: Nicaraguan Revolution Extracts, Twelve Years, 1978-1990, Vol VII: Of War and Peace]'' [Litex, 1993] ISBN 1877970018</ref>

Berlin's [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), a Communist group, was led by Ulrike Meinhof, who stated, "[[Auschwitz]] means that six million Jews were murdered and carted on to the rubbish dumps of Europe for being that which was maintained of them&mdash;Money-Jews."<ref>"''Auschwitz heisst, das sechs Millionen Juden ermordet und auf die Müllkippen Europas gekarrt wurden als das, als was man sie ausgab — als Geldjuden.''") Robert S. Wistrich, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=acBtAAAAMAAJ Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy]'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) ISBN 0297787195, p. 230</ref> She added that "Anti-Semitism is really hatred of capitalism."<ref>''Antisemitismus eigentlich Haß auf Kapitalismus ist.'' George Watson, "Race and the Socialists. On the Progressive Principle of Revolutionary Extermination," ''Encounter'' 47, 1976, pp. 15-18</ref> Another founder of this Communist group, Horst Mahler, an anti-Semite and  Holocaust denier,<ref>“[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,550430,00.html One-Man Right-Wing Circus Act: German Sentenced to 10 Months for Hitler Greeting],” ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' Online International</ref> was sentenced to six years in prison for incitement to racial hatred in 2005.<ref>”[http://www.ejpress.org/article/12601 Neo-Nazi Horst Mahler transferred to prison in Bavaria],” ''European Jewish Press'', December 29, 2006</ref> Despite being labeled “right-wing” in the media, this Communist revolutionary insisted in a 2007 interview that his beliefs had not changed ("[http://shoabloger.wordpress.com/texts/michael-friedman-interviews-horst-mahler-full-text/ The enemy is the same]")<ref>“Der Feind ist derselbe.” Hoerst Mahler in Michael Friedman, “[https://archive.org/download/Friedman-Michel-Interview-mit-Horst-Mahler-und-Sylvia-Stolz/FriedmanMichel-InterviewMitHorstMahlerUndSylviaStolz200789S.Text.pdf So spricht man mit Nazis],” ''Vanity Fair (German edition), November, 2007, p. 17</ref> since his days as an informant for the [[Stasi]],<ref>Helen Pidd, "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/01/baader-m einhof-gang-founder-stasi Baader-Meinhof terrorist may have worked for the Stasi]," ''The Guardian'', August 1, 2011</ref> the secret police of [[German Democratic Republic|Communist East Germany]]. (After the fall of  East German Communism in 1990, it was revealed that the Stasi had been supplying the RAF with funds and logistic support, including false identities and  network of safehouses in West Belin.)<ref>John Schmeidel "[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529308432225#preview My Enemy's Enemy: Twenty Years of Co-operation between West Germany's Red Army Faction and the GDR Ministry for State Security]," ''Intelligence and National Security'' Vol. 8, No. 4 (October 1993), pp. 59–72.</ref> In 1976, the Revolutionary Cells (''Revolutionäre Zellen''), another German Communist group, joined with the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (a hard-line Marxist<ref>Edmund L. Andrews and John Kifner, [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/africa/27iht-obits.1.9523942.html George Habash, 82, founder of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine], ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2008</ref> terrorist group) to hijack an Air France flight to [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]], where they singled out the Jewish passengers in a plot to murder them.<ref>Stephen E. Atkins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313324859, p. 277</ref> In 1979, the [[Sandinistas]], a [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/timeline-nicaragua.php Marxist-Leninist] group, seized control of the government of [[Nicaragua]], supporting a newspaper that proclaimed that "the world's money, banking and finance are in the hands of descendants of Jews ... [C]ontrolling economic power, they control political power as now happens in the United States."<ref>''El Nuevo Diario'', July 17, 1982, as cited in Porfirio R. Solórzano, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tFwSAQAAIAAJ The Nirex Collection: Nicaraguan Revolution Extracts, Twelve Years, 1978-1990, Vol VII: Of War and Peace]'' [Litex, 1993] ISBN 1877970018</ref>

{{cquote|In 1979 many of the country's approximately 250 Jews fled abroad in the face of persecution and imprisonment by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN bombed and partially destroyed the country's only synagogue, then confiscated the property shortly afterward and converted it into a youth training camp.<ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5681.htm Nicaragua], Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. Department of State, 2001). Cf. Elliott Abrams, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/is_v84/ai_3408623/?tag=content;col1 Persecution and Restrictions of Religion in Nicaragua]," (Transcript), ''Department of State bulletin'', October–December 1984, pp. 49-50</ref>}}

{{cquote|In 1979 many of the country's approximately 250 Jews fled abroad in the face of persecution and imprisonment by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN bombed and partially destroyed the country's only synagogue, then confiscated the property shortly afterward and converted it into a youth training camp.<ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5681.htm Nicaragua], Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. Department of State, 2001). Cf. Elliott Abrams, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/is_v84/ai_3408623/?tag=content;col1 Persecution and Restrictions of Religion in Nicaragua]," (Transcript), ''Department of State bulletin'', October–December 1984, pp. 49-50</ref>}}

{{See also|European migrant crisis}}

{{See also|European migrant crisis}}

In the 21st century these seeds have festered into full flower, with the embrace of Islamist anti-Semitism by the Left:

In the 21st century these seeds have festered into full flower, with the embrace of Islamist anti-Semitism by the Left:

{{cquote|Although traditional Trotskyite ideology is in no way close to radical Islamic teachings and the shariah, since the radical Islamists also subscribed to anticapitalism, antiglobalism, and [[anti-Americanism]], there seemed to be sufficient common ground for an alliance. Thus, the militants of the far left began to march side by side with the radical Islamists in demonstrations, denouncing American aggression and Israeli crimes. In Britain a new political party named Respect was established, uniting Trotskyites, Stalinists, Muslim Brotherhood militants, and similar groups.<ref>Walter Laquer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' [Oxford University Press US, 2006] ISBN 0195304292, p. 186</ref>}}

{{cquote|Although traditional Trotskyite ideology is in no way close to radical Islamic teachings and the shariah, since the radical Islamists also subscribed to anticapitalism, antiglobalism, and [[anti-Americanism]], there seemed to be sufficient common ground for an alliance. Thus, the militants of the far left began to march side by side with the radical Islamists in demonstrations, denouncing American aggression and Israeli crimes. In Britain a new political party named Respect was established, uniting Trotskyites, Stalinists, Muslim Brotherhood militants, and similar groups.<ref>Walter Laquer, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' [Oxford University Press US, 2006] ISBN 0195304292, p. 186</ref>}}

For example, the European Union's European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia decided not to publish its comprehensive study of the causes of anti-Semitism in Europe in 2003, a source familiar with the report told London's ''Financial Times'', after the report uncovered "a trend towards Muslim anti-Semitism," and that "on the left there is also mobilization against Israel that is not always free of prejudice."<ref>Reuters, "[http://www.haaretz.com/news/eu-racism-watchdog-shelves-anti-semitism-report-1.106473 EU racism watchdog shelves anti-Semitism report]," ''Haaretz'', November 22, 2003</ref>

For example, the European Union's European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia decided not to publish its comprehensive study of the causes of anti-Semitism in Europe in 2003, a source familiar with the report told London's ''Financial Times'', after the report uncovered "a trend towards Muslim anti-Semitism," and that "on the left there is also mobilization against Israel that is not always free of prejudice."<ref>Reuters, "[http://www.haaretz.com/news/eu-racism-watchdog-shelves-anti-semitism-report-1.106473 EU racism watchdog shelves anti-Semitism report]," ''Haaretz'', November 22, 2003</ref>

That year, one academic, Michael Neumann, Professor of Philosophy at Canada's Trent University, wrote that he wants to

That year, one academic, Michael Neumann, Professor of Philosophy at Canada's Trent University, wrote that he wants to

According to the progressive magazine ''Tikkun'', "[[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] refuses to acknowledge or support the right of the Jewish people to national self-determination&mdash;though it supports that right for every other group with a history of oppression. When Jews are denied the rights of others, it is a tell-tale sign of anti-Semitism."<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20041019075845/http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/index.cfm/action/tikkun/issue/tik0305/article/030512a.html Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?]," ''Tikkun'', May–June 2003</ref>

According to the progressive magazine ''Tikkun'', "[[A.N.S.W.E.R.]] refuses to acknowledge or support the right of the Jewish people to national self-determination&mdash;though it supports that right for every other group with a history of oppression. When Jews are denied the rights of others, it is a tell-tale sign of anti-Semitism."<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20041019075845/http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/index.cfm/action/tikkun/issue/tik0305/article/030512a.html Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?]," ''Tikkun'', May–June 2003</ref>

{{cquote|[L]eftists who despise their own  capitalist societies inevitably come to sympathize with militants&mdash;communists, Tier-mondistes, Islamists, it doesn't make any difference&mdash;who attack those societies from without. Right now, the only corner of the world putting up any sort of serious ideological fight against Western-style capitalism and liberalism is the Muslim Middle East. So, just as the left uncritically swallowed Stalin's propaganda in the 1930s, expect the left to increasingly swallow Arabist propaganda in our own era. And since one of the key elements of Arabist propaganda is a hatred of Israel and a suspicion of Jews, these building blocks of anti-Semitism will become more and more a part of mainstream leftist discourse.<ref>Johnathan Kay, quoted in Jamie Glazov, Symposium: "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=19272 Anti-Semitism - the New Call of the Left]," FrontPageMagazine.com, March 14, 2003</ref>}}

{{cquote|[L]eftists who despise their own  capitalist societies inevitably come to sympathize with militants&mdash;communists, Tier-mondistes, Islamists, it doesn't make any difference&mdash;who attack those societies from without. Right now, the only corner of the world putting up any sort of serious ideological fight against Western-style capitalism and liberalism is the Muslim Middle East. So, just as the left uncritically swallowed Stalin's propaganda in the 1930s, expect the left to increasingly swallow Arabist propaganda in our own era. And since one of the key elements of Arabist propaganda is a hatred of Israel and a suspicion of Jews, these building blocks of anti-Semitism will become more and more a part of mainstream leftist discourse.<ref>Johnathan Kay, quoted in Jamie Glazov, Symposium: "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=19272 Anti-Semitism - the New Call of the Left]," FrontPageMagazine.com, March 14, 2003</ref>}}

Thus in 2009, the "progressive" webzine Counterpunch.org, edited by Alexander Cockburn, son of Soviet agent<ref>Chapman Pincher, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=netJI5stGlwC Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47</ref> Claud Cockburn, could publish a revival of the "Blood Libel," alleging that Israeli Jews were killing Palestinian Muslims to harvest their organs.<ref>Alison Weir, "[http://www.counterpunch.org/weir08282009.html Israeli Organ Harvesting]," Counterpunch.org, August 28–30, 2009) Cf. David Horowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=azE5qoXTgoAC Unholy alliance: radical Islam and the American left]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 089526076X, p. 148</ref> By 2011, the Anti-Defamation League had documented the growing list of [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413064836/http://archive.adl.org:80/main_extremism/occupy_wall_street.html#.WY5m_lGQzIU anti-semitic incidents] at rallies of the left-wing "Occupy" movement. A 2012 survey of 5,847 Jews in the European Union found that more than three out of four said anti-Semitism had increased over the preceding five years, and more respondents blamed perpetrators of the most serious incidents on the political left than the right, according to the EU's Fundamental Rights Agency.<ref>European Union Fundamental Rights Agency, [http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of anti-Semitism] (Vienna: EU-FRA, 2013) ISBN 978-92-9239-262-8, p. 13</ref> Researchers at Tel Aviv University reported that anti-Semitic violence worldwide surged 40 percent in 2014.<ref>Kim Hjelmgaard, "[http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/15/jewish-anti-semitic-attacks-western-europe/25807273/ Anti-Semitic violence surged 40% worldwide last year]," ''USA Today'', April 16, 2015</ref>

Thus in 2009, the "progressive" webzine Counterpunch.org, edited by Alexander Cockburn, son of Soviet agent<ref>Chapman Pincher, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=netJI5stGlwC Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47</ref> Claud Cockburn, could publish a revival of the "Blood Libel," alleging that Israeli Jews were killing Palestinian Muslims to harvest their organs.<ref>Alison Weir, "[http://www.counterpunch.org/weir08282009.html Israeli Organ Harvesting]," Counterpunch.org, August 28–30, 2009) Cf. David Horowitz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=azE5qoXTgoAC Unholy alliance: radical Islam and the American left]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 089526076X, p. 148</ref> By 2011, the Anti-Defamation League had documented the growing list of [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413064836/http://archive.adl.org:80/main_extremism/occupy_wall_street.html#.WY5m_lGQzIU anti-semitic incidents] at rallies of the left-wing "Occupy" movement. A 2012 survey of 5,847 Jews in the European Union found that more than three out of four said anti-Semitism had increased over the preceding five years, and more respondents blamed perpetrators of the most serious incidents on the political left than the right, according to the EU's Fundamental Rights Agency.<ref>European Union Fundamental Rights Agency, [http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of anti-Semitism] (Vienna: EU-FRA, 2013) ISBN 978-92-9239-262-8, p. 13</ref> Researchers at Tel Aviv University reported that anti-Semitic violence worldwide surged 40 percent in 2014.<ref>Kim Hjelmgaard, "[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/15/jewish-anti-semitic-attacks-western-europe/25807273/ Anti-Semitic violence surged 40% worldwide last year]," ''USA Today'', April 16, 2015</ref>

"[T]he left's anti-Semitism&mdash;which, of course, it never acknowledges and fervently denies&mdash;rather than the right's conventional version of this hatred comprises the key ingredient of anti-Semitism's current European existence."<ref>Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1754&TTL=%22Twin_Brothers%22:_European_Anti-Semitism_and_Anti-Americanism 'Twin Brothers': European Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 6 [January 2006] Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref> Antisemitism may be found within much contemporary "antihegemonic, radical, liberal and socialist" discourse, admits David Hirsh of the University of London, who concedes that "antisemitism is a live and virulent threat."<ref>David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> "[T]he locus of anti-Semitism has moved from the right side of the political spectrum to the left ... These days, the hatemongers targeting Jews’ right to live peacefully spout the mantras of 'social justice' and 'peace studies,' not racial purity."<ref>Jonathan Kay, "[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/03/02/jonathan-kay-on-the-lesson-from-israel-apartheid-week-anti-semitism-is-now-a-creature-of-the-left.aspx The lesson from Israel Apartheid Week: Anti-Semitism is now a creature of the left]," ''National Post'', March 2, 2009</ref>

"[T]he left's anti-Semitism&mdash;which, of course, it never acknowledges and fervently denies&mdash;rather than the right's conventional version of this hatred comprises the key ingredient of anti-Semitism's current European existence."<ref>Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1754&TTL=%22Twin_Brothers%22:_European_Anti-Semitism_and_Anti-Americanism 'Twin Brothers': European Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 6 [January 2006] Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref> Antisemitism may be found within much contemporary "antihegemonic, radical, liberal and socialist" discourse, admits David Hirsh of the University of London, who concedes that "antisemitism is a live and virulent threat."<ref>David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> "[T]he locus of anti-Semitism has moved from the right side of the political spectrum to the left ... These days, the hatemongers targeting Jews’ right to live peacefully spout the mantras of 'social justice' and 'peace studies,' not racial purity."<ref>Jonathan Kay, "[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/03/02/jonathan-kay-on-the-lesson-from-israel-apartheid-week-anti-semitism-is-now-a-creature-of-the-left.aspx The lesson from Israel Apartheid Week: Anti-Semitism is now a creature of the left]," ''National Post'', March 2, 2009</ref>

As Urban concludes: "The extreme leftist trend in Germany contains elements that envision [http://jcpa.org/article/being-leftist-and-anti-semitic-in-germany/ a world cleansed of the Jewish state]."

As Urban concludes: "The extreme leftist trend in Germany contains elements that envision [http://jcpa.org/article/being-leftist-and-anti-semitic-in-germany/ a world cleansed of the Jewish state]."

Europe, which has seen [[European migrant crisis|millions of Muslim migrants enter]] due to the [[European Union]]'s [[open borders]] policies, has also seen large numbers of Jews immigrate to Israel due to Europe's anti-Semitism.<ref>Heller, Aron (January 14, 2016). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/anti-semitism-drives-record-high-western-european-immigration-to-israel/ Anti-Semitism drives record-high Western European immigration to Israel]. ''The Times of Israel''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Sherwood, Harriet (January 12, 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/12/rise-in-numbers-of-jews-leaving-europe-for-israel-is-not-an-exodus Rise in numbers of Jews leaving for Israel from some European countries]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Edmunds, Donna Rachel (February 15, 2016). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/02/15/video-jewish-flight-from-rising-anti-semitism-serves-as-warning-to-whole-of-europe/ VIDEO: Jewish Flight From Rising Anti-Semitism Serves as Warning to Whole of Europe]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> Additionally, according to the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights in 2013, one-third of all European Jews due to fears of security caused by anti-Semitism.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-european-jews-report-rise-in-anti-semitism/ A third of Europe’s Jews have weighed leaving because of safety fears]. ''The Times of Israel'' (from the ''Associated Press''). November 8, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Shapiro, Ben (November 8, 2013). [http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2013/11/08/survey-jews-europe/ Survey: 1/3 Jews Consider Leaving Europe Thanks to Rise of Leftist, Muslim Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> According to a study released by the University of Oslo in June 2017, which examined anti-Semitism between 2005 and 2015 in seven European nations, large proportions of European Jews felt unsafe in their home countries and were considering immigrating to Israel, including half of all French Jews.<ref>Miller, Abraham H. (July 5, 2017). [http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2017/7/5/new-study-reveals-europes-rising-anti-semitism-forces-jews-to-leave-or-hide#.Wlzog6inFPY= New study reveals Europe’s rising anti-Semitism forces Jews to leave or hide]. ''Jewish News Service''. January 15, 2018.</ref> By 2016, Jews were leaving France in record numbers,<ref>Kent, Simon (January 26, 2016). [http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2016/01/26/jews-leave-france-for-israel-in-record-numbers-anti-semitism-and-terrorism-fears-drive-exodus/ Jews Leave France for Israel in Record Numbers: Anti-Semitism and Terrorism Fears Drive Exodus]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.<br>

Europe, which has seen [[European migrant crisis|millions of Muslim migrants enter]] due to the [[European Union]]'s [[open borders]] policies, has also seen large numbers of Jews immigrate to Israel due to Europe's anti-Semitism.<ref>Heller, Aron (January 14, 2016). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/anti-semitism-drives-record-high-western-european-immigration-to-israel/ Anti-Semitism drives record-high Western European immigration to Israel]. ''The Times of Israel''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Sherwood, Harriet (January 12, 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/12/rise-in-numbers-of-jews-leaving-europe-for-israel-is-not-an-exodus Rise in numbers of Jews leaving for Israel from some European countries]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Edmunds, Donna Rachel (February 15, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/02/15/video-jewish-flight-from-rising-anti-semitism-serves-as-warning-to-whole-of-europe/ VIDEO: Jewish Flight From Rising Anti-Semitism Serves as Warning to Whole of Europe]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> Additionally, according to the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights in 2013, one-third of all European Jews due to fears of security caused by anti-Semitism.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-european-jews-report-rise-in-anti-semitism/ A third of Europe’s Jews have weighed leaving because of safety fears]. ''The Times of Israel'' (from the ''Associated Press''). November 8, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Shapiro, Ben (November 8, 2013). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2013/11/08/survey-jews-europe/ Survey: 1/3 Jews Consider Leaving Europe Thanks to Rise of Leftist, Muslim Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> According to a study released by the University of Oslo in June 2017, which examined anti-Semitism between 2005 and 2015 in seven European nations, large proportions of European Jews felt unsafe in their home countries and were considering immigrating to Israel, including half of all French Jews.<ref>Miller, Abraham H. (July 5, 2017). [http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2017/7/5/new-study-reveals-europes-rising-anti-semitism-forces-jews-to-leave-or-hide#.Wlzog6inFPY= New study reveals Europe’s rising anti-Semitism forces Jews to leave or hide]. ''Jewish News Service''. January 15, 2018.</ref> By 2016, Jews were leaving France in record numbers,<ref>Kent, Simon (January 26, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2016/01/26/jews-leave-france-for-israel-in-record-numbers-anti-semitism-and-terrorism-fears-drive-exodus/ Jews Leave France for Israel in Record Numbers: Anti-Semitism and Terrorism Fears Drive Exodus]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.<br>

See also:

See also:

*Kent, Simon (December 15, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2017/12/15/exodus-french-jews-forced-islamists-anti-semitism-rises-across-europe/ Exodus: Jews Flee Paris Suburbs over Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> and a 2017 YouGov poll found that nearly a third of all British Jews considered leaving the country due to anti-Semitism, among other findings.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (August 20, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/08/20/one-three-british-jews-consider-leaving-uk-majority-labour-party-anti-semites/ One in Three British Jews Consider Leaving UK, Majority Thinks Labour Party Harbours Anti-Semites]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Wooding, David (August 20, 2017). [https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4281039/jews-leaving-uk-poll-hate-crime/ One in three British Jews ‘thinking about leaving UK’ as anti-Semitism soars leaving one in six ‘feeling unwelcome’]. ''The Sun''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> According to the University of Teacher Education in Vienna in 2017, half of all Muslim youth in Austria held anti-Semitic views.<ref>Kent, Simon (June 20, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2017/06/20/report-anti-semitic-views-backed-half-austrias-muslim-youth/ Report: Anti-Semitic Views Backed by Half of Austria’s Muslim Youth]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref>

*Kent, Simon (December 15, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2017/12/15/exodus-french-jews-forced-islamists-anti-semitism-rises-across-europe/ Exodus: Jews Flee Paris Suburbs over Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> and a 2017 YouGov poll found that nearly a third of all British Jews considered leaving the country due to anti-Semitism, among other findings.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (August 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/08/20/one-three-british-jews-consider-leaving-uk-majority-labour-party-anti-semites/ One in Three British Jews Consider Leaving UK, Majority Thinks Labour Party Harbours Anti-Semites]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref><ref>Wooding, David (August 20, 2017). [https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4281039/jews-leaving-uk-poll-hate-crime/ One in three British Jews ‘thinking about leaving UK’ as anti-Semitism soars leaving one in six ‘feeling unwelcome’]. ''The Sun''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> According to the University of Teacher Education in Vienna in 2017, half of all Muslim youth in Austria held anti-Semitic views.<ref>Kent, Simon (June 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2017/06/20/report-anti-semitic-views-backed-half-austrias-muslim-youth/ Report: Anti-Semitic Views Backed by Half of Austria’s Muslim Youth]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Labour Party]] has seen a large surge of anti-Semitism inside its ranks in the early 21st century which has especially increased with the beginning of the leadership of [[Jeremy Corbyn]].<ref>Multiple references:

In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Labour Party]] has seen a large surge of anti-Semitism inside its ranks in the early 21st century which has especially increased with the beginning of the leadership of [[Jeremy Corbyn]].<ref>Multiple references:

*Friedman, Victoria (July 18, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/18/corbyn-anti-semite-racist-anti-semitism-scandals-labour-far-left/ ‘Anti-Semite and a Racist’: The Scandals Following Labour’s Shift to the Far Left]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

*Friedman, Victoria (July 18, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/18/corbyn-anti-semite-racist-anti-semitism-scandals-labour-far-left/ ‘Anti-Semite and a Racist’: The Scandals Following Labour’s Shift to the Far Left]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

*Shaw, Adam (March 31, 2018). [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/03/31/uks-left-wing-labour-party-engulfed-by-anti-semitism-crisis.html UK's left-wing Labour Party engulfed by anti-Semitism crisis]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*Shaw, Adam (March 31, 2018). [http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/03/31/uks-left-wing-labour-party-engulfed-by-anti-semitism-crisis.html UK's left-wing Labour Party engulfed by anti-Semitism crisis]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*Zeronian, Sarkis (May 3, 2016). [http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/05/03/50-labour-party-members-suspended-for-anti-semitism-and-racism-those-named-are-tip-of-the-iceberg/ 50 Labour Party Members Suspended For Anti-Semitism And Racism, Those Named Are ‘Tip Of The Iceberg’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*Zeronian, Sarkis (May 3, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/05/03/50-labour-party-members-suspended-for-anti-semitism-and-racism-those-named-are-tip-of-the-iceberg/ 50 Labour Party Members Suspended For Anti-Semitism And Racism, Those Named Are ‘Tip Of The Iceberg’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*Kent, Simon (March 30, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/03/30/british-parliament-debate-anti-semitism-allegations-continue-labour-party/ UK Parliament to Debate Anti-Semitism as Fresh Allegations Engulf Labour Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*Kent, Simon (March 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/03/30/british-parliament-debate-anti-semitism-allegations-continue-labour-party/ UK Parliament to Debate Anti-Semitism as Fresh Allegations Engulf Labour Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 1, 2018.

*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-politics/uk-labour-leader-corbyn-apologizes-for-anti-semitism-in-his-party-idUSKBN1H10VR UK Labour leader Corbyn apologizes for anti-Semitism in his party‍​]. ''Reuters''. March 25, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.

*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-politics/uk-labour-leader-corbyn-apologizes-for-anti-semitism-in-his-party-idUSKBN1H10VR UK Labour leader Corbyn apologizes for anti-Semitism in his party‍​]. ''Reuters''. March 25, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.

*Kent, Simon (July 29, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/07/29/party-is-a-sewer-more-anti-semitism-claims-rock-uk-labour/ Party Is a ‘Sewer’: More Anti-Semitism Claims Rock UK Labour]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 29, 2018.

*Kent, Simon (July 29, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/07/29/party-is-a-sewer-more-anti-semitism-claims-rock-uk-labour/ Party Is a ‘Sewer’: More Anti-Semitism Claims Rock UK Labour]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 29, 2018.

See also:

See also:

*Kent, Simon (April 3, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/04/03/tony-blair-warns-uk-labour-root-out-anti-semitism-completely/ Tony Blair Warns UK Labour: ‘Root Out Anti-Semitism Completely, Totally’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</ref> In April 2018, the [[Labour Party (Israel)|Israeli Labour Party]] cut ties with the UK Labour Party due to the latter's anti-Semitism.<ref>Multiple references:

*Kent, Simon (April 3, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/04/03/tony-blair-warns-uk-labour-root-out-anti-semitism-completely/ Tony Blair Warns UK Labour: ‘Root Out Anti-Semitism Completely, Totally’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</ref> In April 2018, the [[Labour Party (Israel)|Israeli Labour Party]] cut ties with the UK Labour Party due to the latter's anti-Semitism.<ref>Multiple references:

*Stoddart, Michelle (April 10, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/israeli-labor-party-suspends-ties-with-british-uk-jeremy-corbyn-over-anti-semitism/ Israeli Labor Party suspends ties with Corbyn, citing anti-Semitism]. ''Politico''. Retrieved April 10, 2018.

*Stoddart, Michelle (April 10, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/israeli-labor-party-suspends-ties-with-british-uk-jeremy-corbyn-over-anti-semitism/ Israeli Labor Party suspends ties with Corbyn, citing anti-Semitism]. ''Politico''. Retrieved April 10, 2018.

*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-britain-labour/israeli-labour-party-breaks-off-relations-with-britains-corbyn-idUSKBN1HH27U Israeli Labour party breaks off relations with Britain's Corbyn]. ''Reuters''. April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.

*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-britain-labour/israeli-labour-party-breaks-off-relations-with-britains-corbyn-idUSKBN1HH27U Israeli Labour party breaks off relations with Britain's Corbyn]. ''Reuters''. April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.

*Kent, Simon (April 11, 2018). [http://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/04/11/israeli-labor-party-severs-ties-with-jeremy-corbyn-over-hostility-to-jewish-community/ Israeli Labor Party Severs Ties with Jeremy Corbyn over ‘Hostility’ to Jewish Community]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 11, 2018.</ref> The party adopted a definition of anti-Semitism in response to these developments, but this definition was criticized as "toothless" as it held a much narrower definition of anti-Semitism than that of Jewish groups, such as still allowing Israel-Nazi comparisons and accusing Israel of racism.<ref>Kent, Simon (July 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/07/06/anger-as-uk-labour-party-adopts-toothless-definition-of-anti-semitism/ Anger as UK Labour Party Adopts ‘Toothless’ Definition of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref><ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 17, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/17/uk-jewish-leaders-condemn-labour-party-altering-definition-anti-semitism/ UK Jewish Leaders Condemn Labour Party for Watering Down Definition of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</ref> In August 2018, veteran MP Frank Field resigned from the party, as it had become "a force for anti-Semitism."<ref>Multiple references:

*Kent, Simon (April 11, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/04/11/israeli-labor-party-severs-ties-with-jeremy-corbyn-over-hostility-to-jewish-community/ Israeli Labor Party Severs Ties with Jeremy Corbyn over ‘Hostility’ to Jewish Community]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 11, 2018.</ref> The party adopted a definition of anti-Semitism in response to these developments, but this definition was criticized as "toothless" as it held a much narrower definition of anti-Semitism than that of Jewish groups, such as still allowing Israel-Nazi comparisons and accusing Israel of racism.<ref>Kent, Simon (July 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/07/06/anger-as-uk-labour-party-adopts-toothless-definition-of-anti-semitism/ Anger as UK Labour Party Adopts ‘Toothless’ Definition of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref><ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 17, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/17/uk-jewish-leaders-condemn-labour-party-altering-definition-anti-semitism/ UK Jewish Leaders Condemn Labour Party for Watering Down Definition of Anti-Semitism]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</ref> In August 2018, veteran MP Frank Field resigned from the party, as it had become "a force for anti-Semitism."<ref>Multiple references:

*Deacon, Liam (August 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/08/30/veteran-labour-mp-frank-field-resigns-slams-anti-semitism-racist-party/ Veteran Labour MP Frank Field Resigns, Slams Anti-Semitism and ‘Racist Party’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 30, 2018.

*Deacon, Liam (August 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/08/30/veteran-labour-mp-frank-field-resigns-slams-anti-semitism-racist-party/ Veteran Labour MP Frank Field Resigns, Slams Anti-Semitism and ‘Racist Party’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 30, 2018.

*Friedman, Victoria (August 31, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/08/31/labour-mp-condemns-party-where-anti-semitism-is-more-than-tolerated/ Labour MP Condemns Party Where ‘Anti-Semitism Is More than Tolerated’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 31, 2018.

*Friedman, Victoria (August 31, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/08/31/labour-mp-condemns-party-where-anti-semitism-is-more-than-tolerated/ Labour MP Condemns Party Where ‘Anti-Semitism Is More than Tolerated’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 31, 2018.

==Anti-capitalism, Anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism==

==Anti-capitalism, Anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism==

"[I]n North America," wrote Marx, the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" had achieved what he called "its unambiguous and normal expression."<ref>Karl Marx, "On The Jewish Question," ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'', February 1844, reprinted in Karl Marx, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TKdLO2jvbqsC Early writings]'' (Penguin, 1992) ISBN 0140445749, p. 232</ref> According to Sombart, “what we call Americanism is nothing else, if we may say so, than the Jewish spirit distilled.”<ref>Werner Sombart, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=P33VHF1aBAcC The Jews and Modern Capitalism]'' (E. P. Dutton, 1913), p. 44</ref>

"[I]n North America," wrote Marx, the "practical domination of Judaism over the Christian world" had achieved what he called "its unambiguous and normal expression."<ref>Karl Marx, "On The Jewish Question," ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'', February 1844, reprinted in Karl Marx, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TKdLO2jvbqsC Early writings]'' (Penguin, 1992) ISBN 0140445749, p. 232</ref> According to Sombart, “what we call Americanism is nothing else, if we may say so, than the Jewish spirit distilled.”<ref>Werner Sombart, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P33VHF1aBAcC The Jews and Modern Capitalism]'' (E. P. Dutton, 1913), p. 44</ref>

“The anti-American left... is at least as anti-Jewish as the clerical conservative right, especially among those who have embraced a pronounced 'antifascist' and 'antiracist' credo.”<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/wistrich.pdf European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself],'' [The American Jewish Committee, 2002], p. 11</ref> "Anti-Americanism in the Islamic world and Anti-Americanism in Europe are in fact linked, and both bear an uncanny resemblance to anti-Semitism."<ref>Natan Sharansky, "On Hating Jews: The inextricable link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism," ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 17, 2003</ref>

“The anti-American left... is at least as anti-Jewish as the clerical conservative right, especially among those who have embraced a pronounced 'antifascist' and 'antiracist' credo.”<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/wistrich.pdf European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself],'' [The American Jewish Committee, 2002], p. 11</ref> "Anti-Americanism in the Islamic world and Anti-Americanism in Europe are in fact linked, and both bear an uncanny resemblance to anti-Semitism."<ref>Natan Sharansky, "On Hating Jews: The inextricable link between anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism," ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 17, 2003</ref>

"America and Jews are seen by many Europeans as paragons of a modernity they dislike and distrust: money-driven, profit-hungry, urban, universalistic, individualistic, mobile, rootless, inauthentic, and thus hostile to established traditions and values."<ref>"[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=658&TTL=European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Semitism:_Similarities_and_Differences European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism: Similarities and Differences]," An Interview with Andrei S. Markovits, ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' [Institute for Global Jewish Affairs], No. 16 [January 1, 2004]</ref> "Jews were blamed for the evils of capitalism in earlier centuries. Americans are blamed for globalization, that is, technological and economic change to the max, in our days."<ref>Josef Joffe, quoted in Mark O'Keefe, "[http://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Anti-Semitism-and-Anti-Americanism.aspx Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, May 5, 2006</ref> "America today has become the world's market-dominant minority," while "Jews are a market-dominant mionority in the Middle East."<ref>Amy Chua, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KSp1okOggpkC World on fire: how exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability]'' [Random House, Inc., 2004] ISBN 0385721862, pp. 218, 229</ref>

"America and Jews are seen by many Europeans as paragons of a modernity they dislike and distrust: money-driven, profit-hungry, urban, universalistic, individualistic, mobile, rootless, inauthentic, and thus hostile to established traditions and values."<ref>"[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=658&TTL=European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Semitism:_Similarities_and_Differences European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism: Similarities and Differences]," An Interview with Andrei S. Markovits, ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'' [Institute for Global Jewish Affairs], No. 16 [January 1, 2004]</ref> "Jews were blamed for the evils of capitalism in earlier centuries. Americans are blamed for globalization, that is, technological and economic change to the max, in our days."<ref>Josef Joffe, quoted in Mark O'Keefe, "[http://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Anti-Semitism-and-Anti-Americanism.aspx Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, May 5, 2006</ref> "America today has become the world's market-dominant minority," while "Jews are a market-dominant mionority in the Middle East."<ref>Amy Chua, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KSp1okOggpkC World on fire: how exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability]'' [Random House, Inc., 2004] ISBN 0385721862, pp. 218, 229</ref>

Thus post-unification Germany, observed a journalist in 2005, is marked by "a poisonous cocktail of the three big As: anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism and anti-capitalism."<ref>Wolfgang Munchau, "[http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/13684/part_2/antiamericanism-antisemitism-anticapitalism.thtml Anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism]," ''The Spectator'', May 21, 2005</ref> This association of Jews with America was illustrated in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' together [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].

Thus post-unification Germany, observed a journalist in 2005, is marked by "a poisonous cocktail of the three big As: anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism and anti-capitalism."<ref>Wolfgang Munchau, "[http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/13684/part_2/antiamericanism-antisemitism-anticapitalism.thtml Anti-Americanism, anti-Semitism, anti-capitalism]," ''The Spectator'', May 21, 2005</ref> This association of Jews with America was illustrated in 2006, when German Neo-Nazis burned a copy of ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y50yo2rnJHcC Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl]'' together [http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/germany/9582 with an American flag].

==See also==

==See also==