Changes

| nationality = American

| nationality = American

| spouse      = Faye Albertson<br />

| spouse      = Faye Albertson<br />

Helen Byrne Armstrong<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/236/000044104/ Walter Lippmann]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/21/books/the-biographer-as-detective-what-walter-lippmann-prefered-to-forget.html?pagewanted=all THE BIOGRAPHER AS DETECTIVE: WHAT WALTER LIPPMANN PREFERED TO FORGET], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

Helen Byrne Armstrong<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/236/000044104/ Walter Lippmann]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/21/books/the-biographer-as-detective-what-walter-lippmann-prefered-to-forget.html?pagewanted=all THE BIOGRAPHER AS DETECTIVE: WHAT WALTER LIPPMANN PREFERED TO FORGET], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

| religion    = [[Judaism]] (not practicing)<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/21/books/the-biographer-as-detective-what-walter-lippmann-prefered-to-forget.html THE BIOGRAPHER AS DETECTIVE: WHAT WALTER LIPPMANN PREFERED TO FORGET], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

| religion    = [[Judaism]] (not practicing)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/21/books/the-biographer-as-detective-what-walter-lippmann-prefered-to-forget.html THE BIOGRAPHER AS DETECTIVE: WHAT WALTER LIPPMANN PREFERED TO FORGET], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

}}

}}

'''Walter Lippmann'''<ref>His name is often misspelled with only one 'N'--as for example the ''Time'' cover shown here.</ref>  (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974), was an influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> American journalist and commentator.  

'''Walter Lippmann'''<ref>His name is often misspelled with only one 'N'--as for example the ''Time'' cover shown here.</ref>  (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974), was an influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> American journalist and commentator.  

Lippmann was a prominent [[socialist]] from his youth, becoming president of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Socialist Club and a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Intercollegiate Socialist Society]]. He graduated from Harvard in 1910, but took his socialism with him into his journalism, joining the Socialist Party and the Socialist Press Club.<ref>"Joined the Harvard Socialist Club and later became president... Elected to Executive Committee, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2v9aAAAAMAAJ Intercollegiate Socialist Society]... Joined [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf the Socialist Party], New York County, and the Socialist Press Club of New York City." (2003) Twentieth-Century American Politics and Diplomacy, [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf Series 1, The Walter Lippmann Papers, Part 4: Early Papers, 1904-1920] (Manuscript and Archives Division, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut), pp. 8-9</ref> More than 20 years later, with the election of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], Lippmann apparently lost faith in the [[Constitution]], telling FDR, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it&mdash;is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref>

Lippmann was a prominent [[socialist]] from his youth, becoming president of the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Socialist Club and a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Intercollegiate Socialist Society]]. He graduated from Harvard in 1910, but took his socialism with him into his journalism, joining the Socialist Party and the Socialist Press Club.<ref>"Joined the Harvard Socialist Club and later became president... Elected to Executive Committee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2v9aAAAAMAAJ Intercollegiate Socialist Society]... Joined [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf the Socialist Party], New York County, and the Socialist Press Club of New York City." (2003) Twentieth-Century American Politics and Diplomacy, [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf Series 1, The Walter Lippmann Papers, Part 4: Early Papers, 1904-1920] (Manuscript and Archives Division, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut), pp. 8-9</ref> More than 20 years later, with the election of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], Lippmann apparently lost faith in the [[Constitution]], telling FDR, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it&mdash;is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref>

Lippmann retained his socialist sympathies even in the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]], when "WJL" [Walter J. Lippmann] wrote to "ECC" [Edward C. Carter]&mdash;head of the [[Attorney General's list|Communist-front]] "[[American Russian Institute]]" and [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] ("a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives," according to a unanimous report of the bipartisan [[Senate Judiciary Committee]])<ref>[http://ia700309.us.archive.org/31/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574], Report of the Committee on the Judiciary Pursuant to S. Res. 366, 1952, p. 225 (PDF p. 233)</ref>&mdash;urging "cooperation with the European revolutionaries and the Soviet Union in their attempt to build a socialist Europe as a nucleus for a world socialist order, with the obvious corollary of the establishment of socialism in this country."<ref>Walter Lippmann to Edward C. Carter, June 10, 1940, p. 5 (PDF p. 100), FBI file: [http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf  Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 54, Part 11],  pp. 96-101</ref>

Lippmann retained his socialist sympathies even in the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]], when "WJL" [Walter J. Lippmann] wrote to "ECC" [Edward C. Carter]&mdash;head of the [[Attorney General's list|Communist-front]] "[[American Russian Institute]]" and [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] ("a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives," according to a unanimous report of the bipartisan [[Senate Judiciary Committee]])<ref>[http://ia700309.us.archive.org/31/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574], Report of the Committee on the Judiciary Pursuant to S. Res. 366, 1952, p. 225 (PDF p. 233)</ref>&mdash;urging "cooperation with the European revolutionaries and the Soviet Union in their attempt to build a socialist Europe as a nucleus for a world socialist order, with the obvious corollary of the establishment of socialism in this country."<ref>Walter Lippmann to Edward C. Carter, June 10, 1940, p. 5 (PDF p. 100), FBI file: [http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf  Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 54, Part 11],  pp. 96-101</ref>

==Manipulation of Public Opinion==

==Manipulation of Public Opinion==

In 1922, Walter Lippmann published his book "Public Opinion" <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6456 Public Opinion]''</ref> which at the time presented a major milestone in marking the ability of a journalist to manipulate their readers and viewers.  The phrase "Manufacture of Consent" is directly attributed to Walter Lippmann <ref>p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> from his book "Public Opinion".  He wrote:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA248]'', p. 248</ref>

In 1922, Walter Lippmann published his book "Public Opinion" <ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6456 Public Opinion]''</ref> which at the time presented a major milestone in marking the ability of a journalist to manipulate their readers and viewers.  The phrase "Manufacture of Consent" is directly attributed to Walter Lippmann <ref>p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> from his book "Public Opinion".  He wrote:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA248]'', p. 248</ref>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one, I think, denies. The process by which public opinions arise is certainly no less intricate than it has appeared in these pages, and the opportunities for manipulation open to anyone who understands the process are plain enough.

That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one, I think, denies. The process by which public opinions arise is certainly no less intricate than it has appeared in these pages, and the opportunities for manipulation open to anyone who understands the process are plain enough.

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

Lippmann went very far into detail of these methods of manipulation.  He gives uses of keywords, for the use of tapping into people's stereotypes, and the use of editorials afterwards to make sure that the pre-determined outcome is assured.  He fully understood the opportunities for manipulation and detailed the process.  Here is one such example:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA355]'', p. 355</ref>

Lippmann went very far into detail of these methods of manipulation.  He gives uses of keywords, for the use of tapping into people's stereotypes, and the use of editorials afterwards to make sure that the pre-determined outcome is assured.  He fully understood the opportunities for manipulation and detailed the process.  Here is one such example:<ref>Walter Lippmann, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&pg=PA355]'', p. 355</ref>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

It is a problem of provoking feeling in the reader, of inducing him to feel a sense of personal identification with the stories he is reading. News which does not offer this opportunity to introduce oneself into the struggle which it depicts cannot appeal to a wide audience. The audience must participate in the news, much as it participates in the drama, by personal identification. Just as everyone holds his breath when the heroine is in danger, as he helps Babe Ruth swing his bat, so in subtler form the reader enters into the news. In order that he shall enter he must find a familiar foothold in the story, and this is supplied to him by the use of stereotypes. They tell him that if an association of plumbers is called a "combine" it is appropriate to develop his hostility; if it is called a "group of leading business men" the cue is for a favorable reaction.

It is a problem of provoking feeling in the reader, of inducing him to feel a sense of personal identification with the stories he is reading. News which does not offer this opportunity to introduce oneself into the struggle which it depicts cannot appeal to a wide audience. The audience must participate in the news, much as it participates in the drama, by personal identification. Just as everyone holds his breath when the heroine is in danger, as he helps Babe Ruth swing his bat, so in subtler form the reader enters into the news. In order that he shall enter he must find a familiar foothold in the story, and this is supplied to him by the use of stereotypes. They tell him that if an association of plumbers is called a "combine" it is appropriate to develop his hostility; if it is called a "group of leading business men" the cue is for a favorable reaction.

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Public Philosopher: Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann'', edited by John Morton Blum (1985)

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Public Philosopher: Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann'', edited by John Morton Blum (1985)

* Lippmann, Walter.  ''The essential Lippmann: a political philosophy for liberal democracy‎ '' ed by Clinton Rossiter (1963) [http://books.google.com/books?id=htCs_vb_ZJYC&pg=PA37&dq=%22trust+no+man+living+with+power%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search], selection of conservative essays and excerpts

* Lippmann, Walter.  ''The essential Lippmann: a political philosophy for liberal democracy‎ '' ed by Clinton Rossiter (1963) [https://books.google.com/books?id=htCs_vb_ZJYC&pg=PA37&dq=%22trust+no+man+living+with+power%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search], selection of conservative essays and excerpts

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Early Writings'' ed. by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1970), liberal essays from ''New Republic'' down to 1920; reprinted as ''Force and Ideas: The Early Writings''  

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Early Writings'' ed. by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1970), liberal essays from ''New Republic'' down to 1920; reprinted as ''Force and Ideas: The Early Writings''  

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Drift and mastery: an attempt to diagnose the current unrest‎''  (1914) [http://books.google.com/books?id=PRwAcMYmcfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:drift+intitle:and+intitle:mastery+inauthor:lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Drift and mastery: an attempt to diagnose the current unrest‎''  (1914) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRwAcMYmcfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:drift+intitle:and+intitle:mastery+inauthor:lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' A preface to politics‎'' (1914) 318 pages    [http://books.google.com/books?id=_iircD9iVVIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' A preface to politics‎'' (1914) 318 pages    [https://books.google.com/books?id=_iircD9iVVIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Drift and mastery: an attempt to diagnose the current unrest‎'' (1917) 334 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=PRwAcMYmcfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Drift and mastery: an attempt to diagnose the current unrest‎'' (1917) 334 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRwAcMYmcfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Public Opinion‎'' (1922) 427 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. '' Public Opinion‎'' (1922) 427 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=eLobn4WwbLUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:walter+inauthor:Lippmann&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

* Lippmann, Walter. [http://nobsblog.blogspot.com/1999/03/men-of-destiny-by-walter-lippman-1927.html ''Men of Destiny'' (1927)]

* Lippmann, Walter. [http://nobsblog.blogspot.com/1999/03/men-of-destiny-by-walter-lippman-1927.html ''Men of Destiny'' (1927)]

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Interpretations: 1931-32''  (1932), newspaper columns; still a liberal

* Lippmann, Walter. ''Interpretations: 1931-32''  (1932), newspaper columns; still a liberal