Changes

===Defeat (1874) and Return (1876)===

===Defeat (1874) and Return (1876)===

Defeated by the Conservatives at the general election of 1874, Gladstone retired in disgust from public life. He planned to devote the whole of his time, instead of his leisure as theretofore, to the task of defending Christian dogma from scientific onslaught.  He coauthored a pamphlet attacking the "Vatican decrees," the newly proclaimed doctrine of papal infallibility; it sold 150,000 copies.<ref>''The Vatican Decrees in Their Bearing on Civil Allegiance'' (1874) [http://books.google.com/books?id=E1FZC7mXUwIC&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 online copy]</ref>

Defeated by the Conservatives at the general election of 1874, Gladstone retired in disgust from public life. He planned to devote the whole of his time, instead of his leisure as theretofore, to the task of defending Christian dogma from scientific onslaught.  He coauthored a pamphlet attacking the "Vatican decrees," the newly proclaimed doctrine of papal infallibility; it sold 150,000 copies.<ref>''The Vatican Decrees in Their Bearing on Civil Allegiance'' (1874) [https://books.google.com/books?id=E1FZC7mXUwIC&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 online copy]</ref>

====The Eastern Question====

====The Eastern Question====

Gladstone sprang back into political life in 1876 over his moralistic foreign policy. It was his main concern 1876-1880. Gladstone's campaign to oppose the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the Balkans led the British into a heated debate and drew the party line between Gladstone's Liberals (who denounced the immoral Ottomans) and Disraeli's Conservatives (who supported the Ottoman Empire as an offset to Russian power).  Disraeli had threatened war with Russia on the issue and Gladstone argued he was wrong. Liberal opinion was convulsed by atrocities in the Balkans, in particular the massacre of more than 10,000 Christian Bulgars by Turkish irregulars. Gladstone published a ferocious pamphlet, focusing on the Turks' "abominable and bestial lusts ... at which Hell itself might almost blush" and demanding they withdraw from European soil. The pamphlet sold an astonishing 200,000 copies.<ref>'' Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East'' (1876) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ev9wkUr1UloC&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 online edition]  Disraeli wisecracked, of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the pamphlet was greatest.</ref> Gladstone felt a call from God to aid the [[Serbia]]ns and [[Bulgaria]]ns as he stumped the country like some ancient Hebrew prophet denouncing tyranny and oppression. The crowning moment was his "Midlothian campaign" in late 1879. Gladstone in four speeches charged the government with financial incompetency, neglecting domestic legislation, and mismanagement of foreign affairs. By appealing to vast audiences denouncing Disraeli's pro-Turkish foreign policy, Gladstone made himself a moral force in Europe, unified his party, and was carried back to power.   

Gladstone sprang back into political life in 1876 over his moralistic foreign policy. It was his main concern 1876-1880. Gladstone's campaign to oppose the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the Balkans led the British into a heated debate and drew the party line between Gladstone's Liberals (who denounced the immoral Ottomans) and Disraeli's Conservatives (who supported the Ottoman Empire as an offset to Russian power).  Disraeli had threatened war with Russia on the issue and Gladstone argued he was wrong. Liberal opinion was convulsed by atrocities in the Balkans, in particular the massacre of more than 10,000 Christian Bulgars by Turkish irregulars. Gladstone published a ferocious pamphlet, focusing on the Turks' "abominable and bestial lusts ... at which Hell itself might almost blush" and demanding they withdraw from European soil. The pamphlet sold an astonishing 200,000 copies.<ref>'' Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East'' (1876) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ev9wkUr1UloC&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 online edition]  Disraeli wisecracked, of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the pamphlet was greatest.</ref> Gladstone felt a call from God to aid the [[Serbia]]ns and [[Bulgaria]]ns as he stumped the country like some ancient Hebrew prophet denouncing tyranny and oppression. The crowning moment was his "Midlothian campaign" in late 1879. Gladstone in four speeches charged the government with financial incompetency, neglecting domestic legislation, and mismanagement of foreign affairs. By appealing to vast audiences denouncing Disraeli's pro-Turkish foreign policy, Gladstone made himself a moral force in Europe, unified his party, and was carried back to power.   

The Liberals were not so naive and idealistic as to reject the imperial heritage; many Liberals such as [[H. H. Asquith]] became active imperialists. Liberal Party policy around 1880 was shaped by Gladstone as he repeatedly attacked Disraelian [[imperialism]]. On the other hand, national interest was always paramount, and the Liberals were quick to seek common ground with the Conservatives in regard to the [[Berlin Treaty]], in which the party lost the moral high ground as a critic of imperialism.

The Liberals were not so naive and idealistic as to reject the imperial heritage; many Liberals such as [[H. H. Asquith]] became active imperialists. Liberal Party policy around 1880 was shaped by Gladstone as he repeatedly attacked Disraelian [[imperialism]]. On the other hand, national interest was always paramount, and the Liberals were quick to seek common ground with the Conservatives in regard to the [[Berlin Treaty]], in which the party lost the moral high ground as a critic of imperialism.

* Magnus, Philip M. ''Gladstone: A biography'' (1954) [http://www.amazon.com/Gladstone-1809-1898-H-C-Matthew/dp/0198206968/ref=pd_bbs_3/105-2830702-4896418?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1192177217&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Magnus, Philip M. ''Gladstone: A biography'' (1954) [http://www.amazon.com/Gladstone-1809-1898-H-C-Matthew/dp/0198206968/ref=pd_bbs_3/105-2830702-4896418?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1192177217&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Matthew, H. C. G. ''Gladstone, 1809–1874'' (1988);  ''Gladstone, 1875–1898'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Gladstone-1809-1898-H-C-Matthew/dp/0198206968/ref=pd_bbs_3/105-2830702-4896418?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1192177217&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 1]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/24976311 vol 1 online]

* Matthew, H. C. G. ''Gladstone, 1809–1874'' (1988);  ''Gladstone, 1875–1898'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Gladstone-1809-1898-H-C-Matthew/dp/0198206968/ref=pd_bbs_3/105-2830702-4896418?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1192177217&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 1]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/24976311 vol 1 online]

* Morley, John. ''The life of William Ewart Gladstone,'' 2 vols. (1903) [http://books.google.com/books?id=QwnMLrssNwcC&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:gladstone&as_brr=1 complete  vol 1 online edition]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PFAwAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:gladstone&as_brr=1 vol 2 online edition]

* Morley, John. ''The life of William Ewart Gladstone,'' 2 vols. (1903) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QwnMLrssNwcC&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:gladstone&as_brr=1 complete  vol 1 online edition]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFAwAAAAIAAJ&dq=intitle:gladstone&as_brr=1 vol 2 online edition]

** vol 1: 1809-1872 [http://books.google.com/books?id=eI4MAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:gladstone+inauthor:morley&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

** vol 1: 1809-1872 [https://books.google.com/books?id=eI4MAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:gladstone+inauthor:morley&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES online edition]

** vol 3: 1888-1898 [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZMNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:gladstone+inauthor:morley&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPP13,M1 online edition]  

** vol 3: 1888-1898 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZMNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:gladstone+inauthor:morley&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPP13,M1 online edition]  

*  Shannon, Richard. ''Gladstone. Vol. 1, 1809-1865.''; (1982) 580 pp.; ''Gladstone. Vol. 2: 1865-1898.'' 1999. 702 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0807824860/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link vol 2 excerpt and text search]  

*  Shannon, Richard. ''Gladstone. Vol. 1, 1809-1865.''; (1982) 580 pp.; ''Gladstone. Vol. 2: 1865-1898.'' 1999. 702 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0807824860/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link vol 2 excerpt and text search]  

* Biagini, Eugenio F. ''Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880'' (1992), explains Gladstone's popularity by its congruence with popular political values

* Biagini, Eugenio F. ''Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880'' (1992), explains Gladstone's popularity by its congruence with popular political values

* Blake, Robert. ''Disraeli'' (1967), 819pp standard biography

* Blake, Robert. ''Disraeli'' (1967), 819pp standard biography

* Buxton,  S. C. ''Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer: A Study'' (1901), 197pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=_YcJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Finance+and+politics+an+historical+study&num=100&as_brr=1    online edition]

* Buxton,  S. C. ''Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer: A Study'' (1901), 197pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=_YcJAAAAIAAJ&dq=Finance+and+politics+an+historical+study&num=100&as_brr=1    online edition]

*  Checkland, S. G. ''The Gladstones: A Family Biography 1764-1851'' (1971)

*  Checkland, S. G. ''The Gladstones: A Family Biography 1764-1851'' (1971)

*  Cooke, A. B.  and John Vincent. ''The governing passion: cabinet government and party politics in Britain, 1885–86'' (1974)  

*  Cooke, A. B.  and John Vincent. ''The governing passion: cabinet government and party politics in Britain, 1885–86'' (1974)  

* Gladstone, William E. ''The Gladstone Diaries,'' edited by M. R. D. Foot and H. C. G. Matthew (14 vols., 1968–94); the later volumes including the minutes of his cabinets and a generous selection of his prime-ministerial correspondence. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72579529 vol 1 online]; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72579529 vol 2 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/93937512 vol 4 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/72094055 vol 6 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/70080132 vol 7 online]; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gladstone-diaries-vol-9-by-w-e-gladstone-h-c-g-matthew.jsp vol 9 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/24456476 vol 12 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/89385687 vol 13 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/82041663 vol 14 online]

* Gladstone, William E. ''The Gladstone Diaries,'' edited by M. R. D. Foot and H. C. G. Matthew (14 vols., 1968–94); the later volumes including the minutes of his cabinets and a generous selection of his prime-ministerial correspondence. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72579529 vol 1 online]; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72579529 vol 2 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/93937512 vol 4 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/72094055 vol 6 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/70080132 vol 7 online]; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gladstone-diaries-vol-9-by-w-e-gladstone-h-c-g-matthew.jsp vol 9 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/24456476 vol 12 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/89385687 vol 13 online]; [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/82041663 vol 14 online]

* Gladstone, William E. [http://books.google.com/books?id=5IIBAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 ''The financial statements of 1853, 1860-1863'']  

* Gladstone, William E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5IIBAAAAQAAJ&dq=inauthor:gladstone+inauthor:william&num=100&as_brr=0 ''The financial statements of 1853, 1860-1863'']  

* Gladstone, William E. ''Studies on Homer and the Homeric age,'' (3 vols 1858)

* Gladstone, William E. ''Studies on Homer and the Homeric age,'' (3 vols 1858)

* [http://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_libcat=0&as_brr=0&as_vt=&as_auth=gladstone+william+ewart&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn= books and pamphlets online]

* [https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_libcat=0&as_brr=0&as_vt=&as_auth=gladstone+william+ewart&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn= books and pamphlets online]

*  Ramm, Agatha, ed.  ''The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1876-1886, Vol. 1'' (1998). 518 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=53948646 vol 1 online edition]; [http://www.questia.com/read/85654528 vol 2 online edition]

*  Ramm, Agatha, ed.  ''The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1876-1886, Vol. 1'' (1998). 518 pp.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=53948646 vol 1 online edition]; [http://www.questia.com/read/85654528 vol 2 online edition]

* Young, G. M., and  W. D. Handcock, eds. ''English Historical Documents, 1833-1874'' (1956) 1017pp [http://www.questia.com/read/110794474 online edition]

* Young, G. M., and  W. D. Handcock, eds. ''English Historical Documents, 1833-1874'' (1956) 1017pp [http://www.questia.com/read/110794474 online edition]