Changes

In the United States the states "surrendered many of their powers to the new Federal Government," but retained "'a residuary and inviolable sovereignty.'"  <ref>''Printz v. United States'', 521 U.S.98, 918-19 (quoting ''[[The Federalist]]'', No. 39, at 245, [[James Madison]]).</ref>  This dual sovereignty is "reflected throughout the Constitution's text."  The continued existence of state sovereignty is "implicit . . . in the Constitution's conferral upon Congress of not all governmental powers, but only discrete, enumerated ones."

In the United States the states "surrendered many of their powers to the new Federal Government," but retained "'a residuary and inviolable sovereignty.'"  <ref>''Printz v. United States'', 521 U.S.98, 918-19 (quoting ''[[The Federalist]]'', No. 39, at 245, [[James Madison]]).</ref>  This dual sovereignty is "reflected throughout the Constitution's text."  The continued existence of state sovereignty is "implicit . . . in the Constitution's conferral upon Congress of not all governmental powers, but only discrete, enumerated ones."

Federalism is determining which powers and duties belong at the federal level and which belong at the state level.  Under the Articles of Confederation, the states had most powers, and the Constitution was drafted with the purpose of granting the federal government additional powers.  These powers are clearly identified under the [[Enumerated powers]] of Article I.  Under the Constitution, individual issues would be framed in terms of states' powers vs. the proper role of the federal government.  From 1800 until 1860, this debate was mostly viewed from the perspective of slavery vs. abolition of slavery.  Beginning in the the 1900s, the federalism debate has been viewed through a progressive vs. conservative perspective.  In the 1930s, progressives re-labeled themselves, so the debate became liberal vs. conservative.

Federalism is determining which powers and duties belong at the federal level and which belong at the state level.  Under the Articles of Confederation, the states had most powers, and the Constitution was drafted with the purpose of granting the federal government additional powers.  These powers are clearly identified under the [[Enumerated powers]] of Article I.  Under the Constitution, individual issues would be framed in terms of states' powers vs. the proper role of the federal government.  From 1800 until 1860, this debate was mostly viewed from the perspective of slavery vs. abolition of slavery.  Beginning in the 1900s, the federalism debate has been viewed through a progressive vs. conservative perspective.  In the 1930s, progressives re-labeled themselves, so the debate became liberal vs. conservative.

==Early Republic==

==Early Republic==