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== The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong ==
 
== The consequences of lack of universal standards of right and wrong ==
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[[Stoic]] [[philosopher]]s such as [[Epictetus]] placed great emphasis on [[self-control]] – and, therefore, they rejected the idea that ''emotion'' may have any worth in deciding whether an ''action'' or ''goal'' is worthy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual on the art of living |author=Epictetus (Introduction by Kristan K. Husby) |translator=P.E. Matheson |publisher=AIORA Press |place=Athens, Greece |year=2017 |chapter=Introduction |pages=15 |isbn=978-618-5048-70-9 |quote=}}</ref>
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When people are no longer guided by universal standards of right or wrong, they have nothing more reliable than their own ''feelings'' to guide them. When people are operating primarily on the basis of ''feelings'' and ''emotions'', they are wide open to every sort of imaginable [[psychological manipulation]]. This is then misused by modern [[marketing]] techniques that do not operate through ''appeal to reason'' but by directly targeting the ''emotions''.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=99 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
 
When people are no longer guided by universal standards of right or wrong, they have nothing more reliable than their own ''feelings'' to guide them. When people are operating primarily on the basis of ''feelings'' and ''emotions'', they are wide open to every sort of imaginable [[psychological manipulation]]. This is then misused by modern [[marketing]] techniques that do not operate through ''appeal to reason'' but by directly targeting the ''emotions''.<ref name="Kupelian2005">{{cite book |title=The marketing of evil: How radicals, elitists, and pseudo-experts sell us corruption disguised as freedom |author=David Kupelian |publisher=WND Books |year=2005 |pages=99 |isbn=978-1-58182-459-9 |url=https://books.google.no/books?id=kQpXAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
  
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