Changes

== Origins ==

== Origins ==

Haplogroup Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. These populations are the descendants of the major founding groups who migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering Strait. <ref>https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/1/164/1114763</ref>

Haplogroup Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. These populations are the descendants of the major founding groups who are generally believed to have migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering Strait.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/1/164/1114763</ref>

Thus, the Native-Americans are closely related to the Ket and Selkup, the highest frequencies of Q-M242 in Eurasia being witnessed in Kets (central Siberia) at 93.8% (45/48) and in Selkups (north Siberia) at 66.4% (87/131). <ref name="Karafet2004">T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789</ref>  

Thus, the Native-Americans are closely related to the Ket and Selkup, the highest frequencies of Q-M242 in Eurasia being witnessed in Kets (central Siberia) at 93.8% (45/48) and in Selkups (north Siberia) at 66.4% (87/131).<ref name="Karafet2004">T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789</ref>  

Russian ethnographers believe that their ancient places were farther south, in the area of the Altai and Sayan mountains (Altai-Sayan region). <ref>https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/1/164/1114763</ref> Their populations are at present small in number, being just under 1,500 and 5,000 respectively. In linguistic anthropology, the Ket language is significant as it is currently the only surviving one in the Yeniseian language family which has been linked by some scholars to the Native American Na-Dené languages<ref>E. J. VAJDA, "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages." The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter(2010), pp.33–99, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5(2010), Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology</ref> and, more controversially, the language of the Huns. (See: L. Lieti, E. Pulleybank,<ref>E. J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide (2013, Oxford/New York, Routledge) pp.103-106, etc.</ref> E. Vajda,<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2000 | title = Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language? | url = | journal = Central Asiatic Journal | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 87–104 }}</ref> A. Vovin,<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2000 | title = Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language? | url = | journal = Central Asiatic Journal | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 87–104 }}</ref> etc.)  

Russian ethnographers believe that their ancient places were farther south, in the area of the Altai and Sayan mountains (Altai-Sayan region). <ref>https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/21/1/164/1114763</ref> Their populations are at present small in number, being just under 1,500 and 5,000 respectively. In linguistic anthropology, the Ket language is significant as it is currently the only surviving one in the Yeniseian language family which has been linked by some scholars to the Native American Na-Dené languages<ref>E. J. VAJDA, "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages." The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter(2010), pp.33–99, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5(2010), Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology</ref> and, more controversially, the language of the Huns. (See: L. Lieti, E. Pulleybank,<ref>E. J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide (2013, Oxford/New York, Routledge) pp.103-106, etc.</ref> E. Vajda,<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2000 | title = Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language? | url = | journal = Central Asiatic Journal | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 87–104 }}</ref> A. Vovin,<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2000 | title = Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language? | url = | journal = Central Asiatic Journal | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 87–104 }}</ref> etc.)  

The Dene-Yeniseian is supported not only by shared grammatical features (both families are exclusively prefixing, head marking, possess shape prefixes and classifiers, and verb heavy), but dozens of regular correspondences between conlangs as well, for example- <ref>http://www.goldbeltheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Tlingit-Dictionary-GHF-UAS-and-Twitchell.pdf</ref> <ref>https://www.unco.edu/library/pdf/Navajo_English_Dictionary.pdf</ref> <ref>http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\yenisey\yenet</ref>

The Dene-Yeniseian is supported not only by shared grammatical features (both families are exclusively prefixing, head marking, possess shape prefixes and classifiers, and verb heavy), but dozens of regular correspondences between conlangs as well, for example-<ref>http://www.goldbeltheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Tlingit-Dictionary-GHF-UAS-and-Twitchell.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.unco.edu/library/pdf/Navajo_English_Dictionary.pdf</ref><ref>http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\yenisey\yenet</ref>

# ''to run'', Tlingit joox (čʷVx), Proto-Yeniseian čɔq

# ''to run'', Tlingit joox (čʷVx), Proto-Yeniseian čɔq

# ''to turn'', PA *wątsʼ(“roll”), Tlingit haa < PND hʷentsʼ, PY pa

# ''to turn'', PA *wątsʼ(“roll”), Tlingit haa < PND hʷentsʼ, PY pa

More evidence of the Dene-Yeniseian connection can be found in the pronouns. <ref>http://www.academia.edu/839575/Dene-Yeniseian_And_Dene-Caucasian_Pronouns_And_Other_Thoughts</ref> There is also the strong correspondence between the Na-Dene palatalized velars/affricates and Yeniseian palatals- <ref>http://www.academia.edu/2497705/Dene-Yeniseian_a_critical_assessment</ref>

More evidence of the Dene-Yeniseian connection can be found in the pronouns.<ref>http://www.academia.edu/839575/Dene-Yeniseian_And_Dene-Caucasian_Pronouns_And_Other_Thoughts</ref> There is also the strong correspondence between the Na-Dene palatalized velars/affricates and Yeniseian palatals- <ref>http://www.academia.edu/2497705/Dene-Yeniseian_a_critical_assessment</ref>

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=== Creationist explanations ===

=== Creationist explanations ===

Some [[creation scientists]] have pointed to the [[American]] Indian population's supposed lack of any ties to other populations as evidence of biblical veracity.  However, it is also true that American Indian creation myths are remarkably similar to the biblical Genesis account.<ref>[http://creation.com/indian-creation-myths American Indian Creation Myths]</ref> The population was established after the destruction of the Tower of [[Babel]], as God dispersed the nations, their languages, and skills.<ref>Ronald L. Numbers, ''The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design,'' 467.</ref>

Some [[creation scientists]] have pointed to the [[American]] Indian population's supposed lack of any ties to other populations as evidence of biblical veracity, though others disagree.  However, it is also true that American Indian creation myths are remarkably similar to the biblical Genesis account.<ref>[http://creation.com/indian-creation-myths American Indian Creation Myths]</ref> The population was established after the destruction of the Tower of [[Babel]], as God dispersed the nations, their languages, and skills.<ref>Ronald L. Numbers, ''The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design,'' 467.</ref> Creation scientists are open to different migration routes.</ref>

===Mormonism===

===Mormonism===

The [[Book of Mormon]] teaches that the Native Americans are descended from Israelites who travelled to Central America by divine command. DNA and archeology strongly refute this claim.<ref>Documentary: ''DNA vs. The Book of Mormon''</ref>

The [[Book of Mormon]] teaches that the Native Americans are descended from Israelites who traveled to Central America by divine command. DNA and archeology strongly refute this claim.<ref>Documentary: ''DNA vs. The Book of Mormon''</ref>

== See also ==

== See also ==