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In 2009, the abstract for the medical journal article ''Sexually transmitted infections as a cause of proctitis in men who have sex with men'' which was published in the medical journal ''Diseases of the Colon & Rectum'' declared: "Many men who have sex with men (MSM) present with complaints of bleeding, pain, and inflammation... Sexually transmitted infections are a common cause of proctitis and appropriate testing is imperative. Lymphogranuloma venereum is a common cause."<ref>[''Sexually transmitted infections as a cause of proctitis in men who have sex with men''], Davis TW1, Goldstone SE., Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Mar;52(3):507-12. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31819ad537.</ref>
[[File:May Clinic MN.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], [[proctitis]] is an "inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref>]]
According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], [[proctitis]] is an "inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus, [[herpes]], [[chlamydia]], lymphogranuloma venereum, and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic, "proctitis in general mainly affects adult males".<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref>
In 2009, the abstract for the medical journal article ''Sexually transmitted infections as a cause of proctitis in men who have sex with men'' which was published in the medical journal ''Diseases of the Colon & Rectum'' declared: "Many men who have sex with men (MSM) present with complaints of bleeding, pain, and inflammation... Sexually transmitted infections are a common cause of proctitis and appropriate testing is imperative. Lymphogranuloma venereum is a common cause."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333054 ''Sexually transmitted infections as a cause of proctitis in men who have sex with men''], Davis TW1, Goldstone SE., Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 Mar;52(3):507-12. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31819ad537.</ref>
In 2006, the abstract for the medical journal article ''Sexually transmitted proctitis'' published in the medical journal Postgraduate Medical Journal declared:
In 2006, the abstract for the medical journal article ''Sexually transmitted proctitis'' published in the medical journal Postgraduate Medical Journal declared:
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) that can be associated with anorectal pain, tenesmus, or rectal discharge. N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis (including LGV serovars), T. pallidum, and HSV are the most common sexually transmitted pathogens involved. In persons with HIV infection, herpes proctitis can be especially severe. Proctitis occurs predominantly among persons who participate in receptive anal intercourse.
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) that can be associated with anorectal pain, tenesmus, or rectal discharge. N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis (including LGV serovars), T. pallidum, and HSV are the most common sexually transmitted pathogens involved. In persons with HIV infection, herpes proctitis can be especially severe. Proctitis occurs predominantly among persons who participate in receptive anal intercourse.
Enteritis usually results in diarrhea and abdominal cramping without signs of proctitis or proctocolitis; it occurs among persons whose sexual practices include oral-anal contact. In otherwise healthy persons, Giardia lamblia is most frequently implicated. When outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness occur among social or sexual networks of [[MSM]], clinicians should consider sexual transmission as a mode of spread and provide counseling accordingly. Among persons with HIV infection, enteritis can be caused by pathogens that may not be sexually transmitted, including CMV, Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare, Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Shigella sp., Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, and Isospora.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/proctitis.htm Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015</ref>}}
Enteritis usually results in diarrhea and abdominal cramping without signs of proctitis or proctocolitis; it occurs among persons whose sexual practices include oral-anal contact. In otherwise healthy persons, Giardia lamblia is most frequently implicated. When outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness occur among social or sexual networks of MSM, clinicians should consider sexual transmission as a mode of spread and provide counseling accordingly. Among persons with HIV infection, enteritis can be caused by pathogens that may not be sexually transmitted, including CMV, Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare, Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Shigella sp., Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, and Isospora.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/proctitis.htm Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015</ref>}}
== Gay bowel syndrome and proctitis ==
== Gay bowel syndrome and proctitis ==
''See also:'' [[Gay bowel syndrome]]
''See also:'' [[Gay bowel syndrome]]
[[Image:AIDS_virus.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Stylized rendering of a cross-section of the [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]]] A September 2010 report of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) declared : "Gay, [[bisexual]], and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by [[HIV]] and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. In 2006, MSM accounted for more than half (53%) of all new HIV infections in the United States..."<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm</ref> In August of 2009, LifeSiteNews reported: "An official with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced the CDC's estimate Monday that in the [[United States]] [[AIDS]] is fifty times more prevalent among men who have sex with men ('MSM') than the rest of the population."<ref>http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2009/aug/09082609</ref>
[[Image:AIDS_virus.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|Stylized rendering of a cross-section of the [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]]] A September 2010 report of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) declared : "Gay, [[bisexual]], and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by [[HIV]] and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. In 2006, MSM accounted for more than half (53%) of all new HIV infections in the United States..."<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm</ref> In August of 2009, LifeSiteNews reported: "An official with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced the CDC's estimate Monday that in the [[United States]] [[AIDS]] is fifty times more prevalent among men who have sex with men ('MSM') than the rest of the population."<ref>http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2009/aug/09082609</ref>
On March 15, 2004 [[Medscape]] published an article entitled ''New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"'' by [[John G. Bartlett]], M.D. which commented on the 2004 journal article ''Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men'' published by JD Klausner and C. Kent in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''.
On March 15, 2004 [[Medscape]] published an article entitled ''New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"'' by [[John G. Bartlett]], M.D. which commented on the 2004 journal article ''Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men'' published by JD Klausner and C. Kent in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''.
The Medscape article on gay bowel syndrome declared:
The Medscape article on gay bowel syndrome declared:
{{cquote|There were multiple studies of the newly recognized "gay bowel syndrome" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, subsequent attention and study has been sparse, in part attributed to reduced frequency thought to reflect changing practices by gay men in response to the [[HIV]] epidemic. This study clearly indicates that it is still an issue, since the cases were studied in 2001-2002. Also, the etiology is about the same as previously, although [[HSV]] is newly recognized as an important component. This finding not only affects management but also has HIV prevention implications. The authors note that two thirds of the participants were HIV negative and that proctitis increases the risk of HIV by up to 9-fold.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>}}
{{cquote|There were multiple studies of the newly recognized "[[gay bowel syndrome]]" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, subsequent attention and study has been sparse, in part attributed to reduced frequency thought to reflect changing practices by gay men in response to the [[HIV]] epidemic. This study clearly indicates that it is still an issue, since the cases were studied in 2001-2002. Also, the etiology is about the same as previously, although [[HSV]] is newly recognized as an important component. This finding not only affects management but also has HIV prevention implications. The authors note that two thirds of the participants were HIV negative and that proctitis increases the risk of HIV by up to 9-fold.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>}}
In 2014, the medical journal ''Current Opinion in Infectious Disease'' published a journal article entitled '''Gay bowel syndrome': relic or real (and returning) phenomenon?'' whose abstract indicated:
{{Cquote|Purpose of Review: This article aims to review the term 'gay bowel syndrome', including the recent research looking at increased rates of bowel infections in men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in light of the recent Shigella outbreaks in MSM in London and New York, and considers whether 'gay bowel syndrome' is a syndrome that really exists and is worthy of further research and specific treatment, or whether the term continues to be obsolete and not useful.
Recent findings: ...there seems to be a clustering of diseases in certain high-risk groups, especially those in urban areas with multiple sexual partners, recreational drug use, and possible concomitant HIV infection.
Summary: All healthcare practitioners (including non-sexual health/HIV specialists) need to consider careful and thorough history taking (including sexual history) to identify those at risk.<ref>[https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/Abstract/2014/02000/_Gay_bowel_syndrome____relic_or_real__and.13.aspx 'Gay bowel syndrome': relic or real (and returning) phenomenon?] by Cooper F1, Barber T., ''Current Opinion in Infectious Disease'', 2014 Feb;27(1):84-9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000032.</ref><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24335755 'Gay bowel syndrome': relic or real (and returning) phenomenon?] by Cooper F1, Barber T., ''Current Opinion in Infectious Disease'', 2014 Feb;27(1):84-9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000032., PubMed</ref>}}
===Proctitis and HIV Infection Further Elaborated===
===Proctitis and HIV Infection Further Elaborated===
As noted earlier proctitis is one of the maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome and greatly increases the chance of HIV infection.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130223/http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide, review of the literature - essentially duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome], 2004, Wayback machine</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref> In 2004, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Robert Kohn, and Charlotte Kent reported in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' the following: "[[Proctitis]], or inflammation of the rectum, is a condition that is not uncommon among men who have sex with men (MSM), and, in HIV-negative men, greatly increases the risk of acquiring [[HIV]] infection. With the recent increases in bacterial sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]]s) among MSM in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], there has been a concomitant increase in the number of cases of clinical proctitis."<ref>[http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/300.full.pdf Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of Clinical Proctitis among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38:300-302]</ref>
As noted earlier proctitis is one of the maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome and greatly increases the chance of HIV infection.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130223/http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide, review of the literature - essentially duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome], 2004, Wayback machine</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref> In 2004, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Robert Kohn, and Charlotte Kent reported in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' the following: "[[Proctitis]], or inflammation of the rectum, is a condition that is not uncommon among men who have sex with men (MSM), and, in HIV-negative men, greatly increases the risk of acquiring [[HIV]] infection. With the recent increases in bacterial sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]]s) among MSM in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], there has been a concomitant increase in the number of cases of clinical proctitis."<ref>[http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/300.full.pdf Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of Clinical Proctitis among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38:300-302]</ref>
Although homosexual men practice various sexual practices which may put them at risk, studies report that anal sex can be an important risk factor for the relay of many diseases.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/jx13231641717w48/</ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa22.htm</ref> Also, according to the [[Mayo Clinic]], "proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus, [[Herpes Simplex Virus|herpes]], [[chlamydia]], [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[shigella]] and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic article, proctitis is a condition mainly affecting adult males[[Image:Ro0304F8Treponema.jpg|thumbnail|175px|right|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] analysis suggested that approximately 64 percent of all adult primary and secondary [[syphilis]] cases in 2004 were among men who have sex with men.]]
Although homosexual men practice various sexual practices which may put them at risk, studies report that anal sex can be an important risk factor for the relay of many diseases.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/jx13231641717w48/</ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa22.htm</ref> Also, according to the [[Mayo Clinic]], "proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus, [[Herpes Simplex Virus|herpes]], [[chlamydia]], [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[shigella]] and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic article, proctitis is a condition mainly affecting adult males.
===Syphilis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===
===Syphilis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===
''See also'': [[Homosexuality and Syphilis|Homosexuality and syphilis]]
[[Image:Ro0304F8Treponema.jpg|thumbnail|175px|right|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] analysis suggested that approximately 64 percent of all adult primary and secondary [[syphilis]] cases in 2004 were among men who have sex with men.]]
Syphilis and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Syphilis can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection which was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>
Syphilis and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Syphilis can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection which was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>
The [[Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported:
{{Cquote|Between 2016 and 2017, the number of reported primary and secondary (P&S) cases in the United States increased by 10.5%, and there were 30,644 P&S syphilis cases reported in 2017. Most (58%) of these cases were among MSM.<ref>Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) - CDC Fact Sheet, taken from the CDC website on February 2, 2019</ref>}}
The news organization [[Cybercast News Service]] reported the following about [[Homosexuality and Syphilis|homosexuality and syphilis]]:
The news organization [[Cybercast News Service]] reported the following about [[Homosexuality and Syphilis|homosexuality and syphilis]]:
===Gonorrhea and Proctitis===
===Gonorrhea and Proctitis===
''See also'': [[Homosexuality and Gonorrhea|Homosexuality and gonorrhea]]
[[Image:Neisseriagon.jpg|thumbnail|175px|left|[[Gonorrhea]] is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] (STD) caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''.]]
Gonorrhea and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Gonorrhea can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection as was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>
Gonorrhea and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Gonorrhea can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection as was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>
In 2017, the abstract for the medical journal article ''Frequent Transmission of Gonorrhea in Men Who Have Sex with Men'' published in the medical journal ''Emerging Infectious Diseases'' indicated:
{{Cquote|The rate of gonorrhea is much higher in men who have sex with men than in heterosexuals. Because of unique behavioral characteristics, asymptomatic sites of infection, mainly the pharynx, are principal drivers of gonorrhea prevalence in men who have sex with men. On the basis of this observation, we call for interventions.
The rates of sexually transmitted infections are rising rapidly in men who have sex with men (MSM). Gonorrhea is of particular concern because rising rates will increase the probability of antimicrobial drug resistance. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended reducing the prevalence of gonorrhea as a key strategy to mitigate against antimicriobial resistance. However, reducing prevalence requires understanding why gonorrhea is so common in MSM. We suggest that specific sexual practices of MSM result in them having a high prevalence of asymptomatic infection in particular anatomic sites and that these infections are the primary drivers of transmission.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5176237/ Frequent Transmission of Gonorrhea in Men Who Have Sex with Men], Christopher K. Fairley,corresponding author Jane S. Hocking, Lei Zhang, and Eric P.F. Chow, Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Jan; 23(1): 102–104. doi: 10.3201/eid2301.161205</ref>}}
In 2006, the American Association of Family Physicians reported: "Men who have sex with men (MSM) have high rates of gonococcal infection. In [[San Francisco]], more than one half of these infections occur in MSM, and previous cross-sectional studies have reported a prevalence of up to 15.3 percent in this group."<ref>Pharyngeal Gonorrhea Is Underdiagnosed in MSM, Am Fam Physician. 2007 Jun 15;75(12):1860-1862</ref>
In 2006, the American Association of Family Physicians reported: "Men who have sex with men (MSM) have high rates of gonococcal infection. In [[San Francisco]], more than one half of these infections occur in MSM, and previous cross-sectional studies have reported a prevalence of up to 15.3 percent in this group."<ref>Pharyngeal Gonorrhea Is Underdiagnosed in MSM, Am Fam Physician. 2007 Jun 15;75(12):1860-1862</ref>
===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===
===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===
[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|170px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].]][[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] (LGV) is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that can cause [[proctitis]] and proctitis significantly increases the probability of [[HIV]] infection which was mentioned previously. <ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref> Lymphogranuloma venereum and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as stated earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> In March of 2007, the ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'' reported that there was an ongoing epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe, the United Kingdom, and North America. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref> In August of 2007, the [[Norway|Norweigan]] medical journal ''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' stated that LGV has been a rare condition in the [[Western World|western world]] but since 2004 there have been frequent reports from larger cities in Europe and the United States and the outbreaks have been limited homosexual men.<ref>''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' 2007 Aug 23;127(16):2094-5</ref> The abstract for the January of 2007 journal [[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] states that "We found a significant burden of this once-rare sexually transmitted infection among MSM in the United Kingdom. LGV may be contributing to the epidemic of [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] infection by facilitating transmission." <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases 2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref> The reports of levels of proctitis in the homosexual men infected with lymphogranuloma venereum varied in the different outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases 2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v11n09/1109-223.asp Eurosurveillance 2006;11(9):152-4]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref>
''See also'': [[Homosexuality and lymphogranuloma venereum]]
[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|170px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].]][[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] (LGV) is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that can cause [[proctitis]] and proctitis significantly increases the probability of [[HIV]] infection. <ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref> Lymphogranuloma venereum and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>
The abstract of the 2014 medical journal article ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.'' which was published in the medical journal ''Sexually Transmitted Infections'' declares: "Since 2003, over 2000 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have been diagnosed in the U.K. in men who have sex with men (MSM). Most cases present with proctitis, but there are limited data on how to differentiate clinically between LGV and other pathology."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687130 ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.''], Pallawela SN1, Sullivan AK1, Macdonald N2, French P3, White J4, Dean G5, Smith A6, Winter AJ7, Mandalia S2, Alexander S8, Ison C8, Ward H2., Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun;90(4):269-74. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051401. Epub 2014 Mar 31.</ref>
In March of 2007, the ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'' reported that there was an ongoing epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe, the United Kingdom, and North America. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref> In August of 2007, the [[Norway|Norweigan]] medical journal ''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' stated that LGV has been a rare condition in the [[Western World|western world]] but since 2004 there have been frequent reports from larger cities in Europe and the United States and the outbreaks have been limited homosexual men.<ref>''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' 2007 Aug 23;127(16):2094-5</ref> The abstract for the January of 2007 journal [[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] states that "We found a significant burden of this once-rare sexually transmitted infection among MSM in the United Kingdom. LGV may be contributing to the epidemic of [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] infection by facilitating transmission." <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases 2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref> The reports of levels of proctitis in the homosexual men infected with lymphogranuloma venereum varied in the different outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases 2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v11n09/1109-223.asp Eurosurveillance 2006;11(9):152-4]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref>
===Amebiasis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===
===Amebiasis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===
For more information, please see: [[Homosexuality and Parasites|Homosexuality and parasites]]
For more information, please see: [[Homosexuality and Parasites|Homosexuality and parasites]]
== See also ==
*[[Homosexuality and health]]
*[[Homosexuality]]
==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]