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===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===

===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===

[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|150px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause lymphogranuloma venereum]]

[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|170px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].]][[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] (LGV) is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that can cause [[proctitis]] and proctitis significantly increases the probability of [[HIV]] infection which was mentioned previously.  <ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  Lymphogranuloma venereum and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as stated earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>

[[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that mainly infects the [[lymphatic system|lymphatics]].<ref>http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic304.htm</ref>

The abstract of the 2014 medical journal article ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.'' which was published in the medical journal ''Sexually Transmitted Infections'' declares: "Since 2003, over 2000 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have been diagnosed in the U.K. in men who have sex with men (MSM). Most cases present with proctitis, but there are limited data on how to differentiate clinically between LGV and other pathology."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687130 ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.''], Pallawela SN1, Sullivan AK1, Macdonald N2, French P3, White J4, Dean G5, Smith A6, Winter AJ7, Mandalia S2, Alexander S8, Ison C8, Ward H2., Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun;90(4):269-74. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051401. Epub 2014 Mar 31.</ref>

The abstract of the 2014 medical journal article ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.'' which was published in the medical journal ''Sexually Transmitted Infections'' declares: "Since 2003, over 2000 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have been diagnosed in the U.K. in men who have sex with men (MSM). Most cases present with proctitis, but there are limited data on how to differentiate clinically between LGV and other pathology."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687130 ''Clinical predictors of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum infection: results from a multicentre case-control study in the U.K.''], Pallawela SN1, Sullivan AK1, Macdonald N2, French P3, White J4, Dean G5, Smith A6, Winter AJ7, Mandalia S2, Alexander S8, Ison C8, Ward H2., Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun;90(4):269-74. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051401. Epub 2014 Mar 31.</ref>

In March of 2007, the ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'' reported that there was an ongoing epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe, the United Kingdom, and North America. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref> In August of 2007, the [[Norway|Norweigan]] medical journal ''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' stated that LGV has been a rare condition in the [[Western World|western world]] but since 2004 there have been frequent reports from larger cities in Europe and the United States and the outbreaks have been limited homosexual men.<ref>''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' 2007 Aug 23;127(16):2094-5</ref> The abstract for the January of 2007 journal [[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] states that "We found a significant burden of this once-rare sexually transmitted infection among MSM in the United Kingdom. LGV may be contributing to the epidemic of [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] infection by facilitating transmission." <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases  2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref> The reports of levels of proctitis in the homosexual men infected with lymphogranuloma venereum varied in the different outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases  2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v11n09/1109-223.asp Eurosurveillance 2006;11(9):152-4]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men.  Eur J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref>

In March of 2007, the ''Journal of Clinical Microbiology'' reported that there was an ongoing epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe, the United Kingdom, and North America. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref> In August of 2007, the [[Norway|Norweigan]] medical journal ''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' stated that LGV has been a rare condition in the [[Western World|western world]] but since 2004 there have been frequent reports from larger cities in Europe and the United States and the outbreaks have been limited homosexual men.<ref>''Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening'' 2007 Aug 23;127(16):2094-5</ref> The abstract for the January of 2007 journal [[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] states that "We found a significant burden of this once-rare sexually transmitted infection among MSM in the United Kingdom. LGV may be contributing to the epidemic of [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] infection by facilitating transmission." <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases  2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref> The reports of levels of proctitis in the homosexual men infected with lymphogranuloma venereum varied in the different outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17143811&ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Clinical infectious diseases  2007 Jan 1;44(1):26-32]</ref><ref>[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v11n09/1109-223.asp Eurosurveillance 2006;11(9):152-4]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17251405&ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia: anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2b in men who have sex with men.  Eur J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar;45(3):1029-31]</ref>

===Amebiasis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===

===Amebiasis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===