Changes

According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], [[proctitis]] is an "inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus,  [[herpes]], [[chlamydia]], lymphogranuloma venereum, and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic, "proctitis in general mainly affects adult males".<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref>

According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], [[proctitis]] is an "inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus,  [[herpes]], [[chlamydia]], lymphogranuloma venereum, and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic, "proctitis in general mainly affects adult males".<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref>

''See also:'' [[Gay bowel syndrome]]

''See also:'' [[Gay bowel syndrome]]

[[Image:AIDS_virus.jpg‎|thumbnail|right|200px|Stylized rendering of a cross-section of the [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]]] A September 2010 report of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) declared : "Gay, [[bisexual]], and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by [[HIV]] and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. In 2006, MSM accounted for more than half (53%) of all new HIV infections in the United States..."<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm</ref> In August of 2009, LifeSiteNews reported: "An official with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced the CDC's estimate Monday that in the [[United States]] [[AIDS]] is fifty times more prevalent among men who have sex with men ('MSM') than the rest of the population."<ref>http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2009/aug/09082609</ref>  

[[Image:AIDS_virus.jpg‎|thumbnail|left|200px|Stylized rendering of a cross-section of the [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]]] A September 2010 report of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) declared : "Gay, [[bisexual]], and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by [[HIV]] and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. In 2006, MSM accounted for more than half (53%) of all new HIV infections in the United States..."<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm</ref> In August of 2009, LifeSiteNews reported: "An official with the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced the CDC's estimate Monday that in the [[United States]] [[AIDS]] is fifty times more prevalent among men who have sex with men ('MSM') than the rest of the population."<ref>http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2009/aug/09082609</ref>  

On March 15, 2004 [[Medscape]] published an article entitled ''New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"'' by [[John G. Bartlett]], M.D. which commented on the 2004 journal article ''Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men'' published by JD Klausner and C. Kent in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''.  

On March 15, 2004 [[Medscape]] published an article entitled ''New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"'' by [[John G. Bartlett]], M.D. which commented on the 2004 journal article ''Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men'' published by JD Klausner and C. Kent in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''.  

The Medscape article on gay bowel syndrome declared:

The Medscape article on gay bowel syndrome declared:

{{cquote|There were multiple studies of the newly recognized "[[gay bowel syndrome]]" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, subsequent attention and study has been sparse, in part attributed to reduced frequency thought to reflect changing practices by gay men in response to the [[HIV]] epidemic. This study clearly indicates that it is still an issue, since the cases were studied in 2001-2002. Also, the etiology is about the same as previously, although [[HSV]] is newly recognized as an important component. This finding not only affects management but also has HIV prevention implications. The authors note that two thirds of the participants were HIV negative and that proctitis increases the risk of HIV by up to 9-fold.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>}}

{{cquote|There were multiple studies of the newly recognized "[[gay bowel syndrome]]" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, subsequent attention and study has been sparse, in part attributed to reduced frequency thought to reflect changing practices by gay men in response to the [[HIV]] epidemic. This study clearly indicates that it is still an issue, since the cases were studied in 2001-2002. Also, the etiology is about the same as previously, although [[HSV]] is newly recognized as an important component. This finding not only affects management but also has HIV prevention implications. The authors note that two thirds of the participants were HIV negative and that proctitis increases the risk of HIV by up to 9-fold.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>}}

===Proctitis and HIV Infection Further Elaborated===

===Proctitis and HIV Infection Further Elaborated===

As noted earlier proctitis is one of the maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome and greatly increases the chance of HIV infection.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130223/http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide, review of the literature - essentially duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome], 2004, Wayback machine</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  In 2004, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Robert Kohn, and Charlotte Kent reported in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' the following: "[[Proctitis]], or inflammation of the rectum, is a condition that is not uncommon among men who have sex with men (MSM), and, in HIV-negative men, greatly increases the risk of acquiring [[HIV]] infection. With the recent increases in bacterial sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]]s) among MSM in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], there has been a concomitant increase in the number of cases of clinical proctitis."<ref>[http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/300.full.pdf Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of Clinical Proctitis among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38:300-302]</ref>

As noted earlier proctitis is one of the maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome and greatly increases the chance of HIV infection.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130223/http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/literature_review/02-2004/new_look_at_gay_bowel_syndrome.html Johns Hopkins HIV Guide, review of the literature - essentially duplicate of Medscape's New Look at Gay Bowel Syndrome], 2004, Wayback machine</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=946385&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  In 2004, Jeffrey D. Klausner, Robert Kohn, and Charlotte Kent reported in the journal ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' the following: "[[Proctitis]], or inflammation of the rectum, is a condition that is not uncommon among men who have sex with men (MSM), and, in HIV-negative men, greatly increases the risk of acquiring [[HIV]] infection. With the recent increases in bacterial sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]]s) among MSM in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], there has been a concomitant increase in the number of cases of clinical proctitis."<ref>[http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/300.full.pdf Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of Clinical Proctitis among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38:300-302]</ref>

Although homosexual men practice various sexual practices which may put them at risk, studies report that &#97;&#110;&#97;&#108; &#115;&#101;&#120; can be an important risk factor for the relay of many diseases.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/jx13231641717w48/</ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa22.htm</ref> Also, according to the [[Mayo Clinic]], "proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus,  [[Herpes Simplex Virus|herpes]], [[chlamydia]], [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[shigella]] and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic article, proctitis is a condition mainly affecting adult males[[Image:Ro0304F8Treponema.jpg|thumbnail|175px|right|A [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] analysis suggested that approximately 64 percent of all adult primary and secondary [[syphilis]] cases in 2004 were among men who have sex with men.]]

Although homosexual men practice various sexual practices which may put them at risk, studies report that &#97;&#110;&#97;&#108; &#115;&#101;&#120; can be an important risk factor for the relay of many diseases.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/jx13231641717w48/</ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa22.htm</ref> Also, according to the [[Mayo Clinic]], "proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus,  [[Herpes Simplex Virus|herpes]], [[chlamydia]], [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[shigella]] and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic article, proctitis is a condition mainly affecting adult males.

===Syphilis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===

===Syphilis, Proctitis, and HIV Infection===

Syphilis and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Syphilis can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection which was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>

Syphilis and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref> Syphilis can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection which was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>

''See also'': [[Homosexuality and Gonorrhea|Homosexuality and gonorrhea]]

''See also'': [[Homosexuality and Gonorrhea|Homosexuality and gonorrhea]]

[[Image:Neisseriagon.jpg|thumbnail|175px|right|[[Gonorrhea]] is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] (STD) caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''.]]

[[Image:Neisseriagon.jpg|thumbnail|175px|left|[[Gonorrhea]] is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] (STD) caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''.]]

Gonorrhea and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>  Gonorrhea can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection as was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  

Gonorrhea and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome as noted earlier.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>  Gonorrhea can be a cause of proctitis and the disease significantly increases the probability of HIV infection as was mentioned previously.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705/DSECTION=3</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  

===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===

===Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreaks Among Homosexuals and HIV Infection===

[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|170px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].]][[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] (LGV) is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that can cause [[proctitis]] and proctitis significantly increases the probability of [[HIV]] infection.  <ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  Lymphogranuloma venereum and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>   

[[Image:Chlamydia.jpg|thumbnail|right|170px|There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].]][[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|Lymphogranuloma venereum]] (LGV) is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] that can cause [[proctitis]] and proctitis significantly increases the probability of [[HIV]] infection.  <ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/470936_4 Medscape - New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome"]</ref>  Lymphogranuloma venereum and proctitis are both maladies associated with gay bowel syndrome.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946385 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.]</ref>   

For more information, please see: [[Homosexuality and Parasites|Homosexuality and parasites]]

For more information, please see: [[Homosexuality and Parasites|Homosexuality and parasites]]

==References==

==References==

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