Changes

Another form of corruption was the trust—the giant business enterprise that crushed its competition. Some reformers adopted the "Iowa idea" that linked the cause of the trusts to high tariffs. Others denounced "robber barons," artfully combining crime and aristocracy. [[John D. Rockefeller]] and his [[Standard Oil Company]] were favorite targets.<ref>Roger M. Olien and Olien, Diana Davids.  ''Oil and Ideology: The Cultural Creation of the American Petroleum Industry.'' (2000) p. 103</ref>

Another form of corruption was the trust—the giant business enterprise that crushed its competition. Some reformers adopted the "Iowa idea" that linked the cause of the trusts to high tariffs. Others denounced "robber barons," artfully combining crime and aristocracy. [[John D. Rockefeller]] and his [[Standard Oil Company]] were favorite targets.<ref>Roger M. Olien and Olien, Diana Davids.  ''Oil and Ideology: The Cultural Creation of the American Petroleum Industry.'' (2000) p. 103</ref>

===New Deal Era to 2007===

===New Deal Era to the present===

"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country!" cried out President [[John F. Kennedy]] in a dramatic call for the American people to honor the core republican value of civic duty.<ref>Gary Hart, ''Restoration of the Republic: The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21st-Century America'' (2002) p. 7; Michael Tomasky, "Party in Search of a Notion," ''The American Prospect'' (May 2006) online at [http://www.prospect.org/web/view-web.ww?id=11424] . James Patterson, "Modern Era" in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001)</ref>  

"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country!" cried out President [[John F. Kennedy]] in a dramatic call for the American people to honor the core republican value of civic duty.<ref>Gary Hart, ''Restoration of the Republic: The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21st-Century America'' (2002) p. 7; Michael Tomasky, "Party in Search of a Notion," ''The American Prospect'' (May 2006) online at [http://www.prospect.org/web/view-web.ww?id=11424]. James Patterson, "Modern Era" in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001)</ref>  

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|presidential election of 2004]], one of the chief topics of discussion was whether the candidates [[John Kerry]] and [[George W. Bush]] had properly fulfilled their civic duty of fighting for their country, part of the republican duties.  Opponents charged that Bush had shirked his National Guard duties, or conversely that Kerry did not earn the medals he was awarded in Vietnam.<ref>D. Michael Shafer, ''The Vietnam-Era Draft'' in Shafer, ed. ''The Legacy: The Vietnam War in the American Imagination'' (1990), 57-79; Jeremy Michael Teigen, "The Role of Previous Military Service in American Electoral Politics" (PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, 2005). Order No. DA3204197.</ref> A similar debate over performance of civic duty took place in the [[United States presidential election, 1884|presidential election of 1884]], when Republicans emphasized that Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the Civil War, while his opponent [[Benjamin Harrison]] was in combat.

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|presidential election of 2004]], one of the chief topics of discussion was whether the candidates [[John Kerry]] and [[George W. Bush]] had properly fulfilled their civic duty of fighting for their country, part of the republican duties.  Opponents charged that Bush had shirked his National Guard duties, or conversely that Kerry did not earn the medals he was awarded in Vietnam.<ref>D. Michael Shafer, ''The Vietnam-Era Draft'' in Shafer, ed. ''The Legacy: The Vietnam War in the American Imagination'' (1990), 57-79; Jeremy Michael Teigen, "The Role of Previous Military Service in American Electoral Politics" (PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, 2005). Order No. DA3204197.</ref> A similar debate over performance of civic duty took place in the [[United States presidential election, 1884|presidential election of 1884]], when Republicans emphasized that Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]] had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the Civil War, while his opponent [[Benjamin Harrison]] was in combat.