Changes

==Fascism==

==Fascism==

"Originally, fascism saw itself as profoundly revolutionary&mdash;not conservative (as the left now sees it)," writes Christopher Harmon, professor of International Relations at the US Marine Corps University.<ref>Christopher C. Harmon, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vBL9Zqlth_wC Terrorism today]'' (Psychology Press, 2008) ISBN 0415773008, p. 17</ref> Mussolini had been a Marxist, who took over the Italian Socialist Party at the Congress of Reggio Emilia in 1912, expelling the syndicalist heretics and espousing doctrinaire Marxism&mdash;prompting Lenin to write, “the party of the Italian socialist proletariat has taken the right path.”<ref>V.I. Lenin, "[http://www.marx.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/jul/15b.htm The Italian Socialist Congress]," ''Pravda'', No. 66 (July 15, 1912), reprinted in ''V.I. Lenin Collected Works'', Volume 18 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), pp. 170-172</ref> Five years later, Lenin took over Russia, the following year imposing socialism (“War Communism”); it quickly and spectacularly failed, producing mass famine and economic collapse.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5RFHJY Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921], International Committee of the Red Cross. Cf. Francis Haller, "[http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/html/5QKJLH Secours en temps de paix – la famine en Russie]," ''Le Temps'', August 12, 2003</ref> In response to this failure, Marxists and other communists scrambled for a "Third Way" between socialism and capitalism: an alternative to the market, but one that might actually work.<ref> "...fascism was seen as a third way between laissez-faire capitalism and communism..." (Sheldon Richman, [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Fascism.html Fascism], ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'');  "...Fascism, the 'third way' between liberalism and socialism..." (David Ramsay Steele, "[http://www.la-articles.org.uk/fascism.htm The Mystery of Fascism] ''Liberty'', 2003); "...fascism as a 'third way' distinct from liberalism and Marxism..." (Ruth Ben-Ghiat, "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/261168 Italian Fascism and the Aesthetics of the 'Third Way']," ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 31, No. 2 [April 1996], pp. 293-316); "...fascism could pose as the 'third way' alternative between capitalism and Bolshevism... (Philip Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mz8hLnFiz8wC Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945]'' [Psychology Press, 2003] ISBN 0415169437, p. 186). Cf. Philip Hanson, “Is there a third way? Capitalism, socialism and the reform of the Soviet economy,” in B. Dallego, H. Brzezinski and W. Andreff, eds. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=elCNAAAAIAAJ Convergence and System Change: The Convergence Hypothesis in Light of Transition in Eastern Europe]'' (Dartmouth, 1991) ISBN 1855212188, pp. 149-169, 235 ''et seq''; Ulrich van Suntum, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mJ4TfKL4wcAC The Invisible Hand: Economic Thought Yesterday and Today]'' (Springer, 2005) ISBN 3540204970, p. 204</ref> Lenin thus introduced his New Economic Policy, based on [[Oskar Lange]]'s theoretical "market socialism"; Mussolini, meanwhile, resurrected the ideas of the syndicalists he had previously ousted.<ref>Ludwig von Mises, ''[http://mises.org/Books/humanaction.pdf Human Action: A Treatise on Economics],'' 4th Ed., (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes 1996), p. 817</ref> "The most important influence upon Mussolini's development," writes his biographer Renzo De Felice, "was that exercised by revolutionary syndicalism."<ref>Quoted in Sheri Berman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BNV5uVCQnq8C The primacy of politics: social democracy and the making of Europe's twentieth century]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521817994, p. 77</ref> Most, but not all, of the of the leading organizers of Italian syndicalism became active fascists.<ref>David D. Roberts, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-gsNAQAAIAAJ The syndicalist tradition and Italian fascism]'' (Manchester University Press ND, 1979) ISBN 0719007615, p. 12</ref> Syndicalism (''syndicalisme'') was the French name for the British idea of "guild socialism." Being Italian nationalists, Mussolini and his followers gave it an Italian name, ''corporativismo'' (corporativism or corporatism), from ''corporazione'' (guild). The fascists ordered all labor unions and industries into cartels, (''corporazioni'')&mdash;administrative units of the government, through which it set production levels, wages and prices.

"Originally, fascism saw itself as profoundly revolutionary&mdash;not conservative (as the left now sees it)," writes Christopher Harmon, professor of International Relations at the US Marine Corps University.<ref>Christopher C. Harmon, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vBL9Zqlth_wC Terrorism today]'' (Psychology Press, 2008) ISBN 0415773008, p. 17</ref> Mussolini had been a Marxist, who took over the Italian Socialist Party at the Congress of Reggio Emilia in 1912, expelling the syndicalist heretics and espousing doctrinaire Marxism&mdash;prompting Lenin to write, “the party of the Italian socialist proletariat has taken the right path.”<ref>V.I. Lenin, "[http://www.marx.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/jul/15b.htm The Italian Socialist Congress]," ''Pravda'', No. 66 (July 15, 1912), reprinted in ''V.I. Lenin Collected Works'', Volume 18 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), pp. 170-172</ref> Five years later, Lenin took over Russia, the following year imposing socialism (“War Communism”); it quickly and spectacularly failed, producing mass famine and economic collapse.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5RFHJY Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921], International Committee of the Red Cross. Cf. Francis Haller, "[http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/html/5QKJLH Secours en temps de paix – la famine en Russie]," ''Le Temps'', August 12, 2003</ref> In response to this failure, Marxists and other communists scrambled for a "Third Way" between socialism and capitalism: an alternative to the market, but one that might actually work.<ref> "...fascism was seen as a third way between laissez-faire capitalism and communism..." (Sheldon Richman, [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Fascism.html Fascism], ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'');  "...Fascism, the 'third way' between liberalism and socialism..." (David Ramsay Steele, "[http://www.la-articles.org.uk/fascism.htm The Mystery of Fascism] ''Liberty'', 2003); "...fascism as a 'third way' distinct from liberalism and Marxism..." (Ruth Ben-Ghiat, "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/261168 Italian Fascism and the Aesthetics of the 'Third Way']," ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 31, No. 2 [April 1996], pp. 293-316); "...fascism could pose as the 'third way' alternative between capitalism and Bolshevism... (Philip Morgan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mz8hLnFiz8wC Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945]'' [Psychology Press, 2003] ISBN 0415169437, p. 186). Cf. Philip Hanson, “Is there a third way? Capitalism, socialism and the reform of the Soviet economy,” in B. Dallego, H. Brzezinski and W. Andreff, eds. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=elCNAAAAIAAJ Convergence and System Change: The Convergence Hypothesis in Light of Transition in Eastern Europe]'' (Dartmouth, 1991) ISBN 1855212188, pp. 149-169, 235 ''et seq''; Ulrich van Suntum, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mJ4TfKL4wcAC The Invisible Hand: Economic Thought Yesterday and Today]'' (Springer, 2005) ISBN 3540204970, p. 204</ref> Lenin thus introduced his New Economic Policy, based on [[Oskar Lange]]'s theoretical "market socialism." Mussolini, meanwhile, was expelled from the leadership of the Italian Socialist Party, proclaiming, "You think you can turn me out, but you will find I will come back again. [https://www.metrowestdailynews.com/x2117940744/Mazzaglia-Fascism-then-and-now I am and shall remain a socialist and my convictions will never change!] They are bred into my very bones." Mussolini resurrected the ideas of the syndicalists he had previously ousted.<ref>Ludwig von Mises, ''[http://mises.org/Books/humanaction.pdf Human Action: A Treatise on Economics],'' 4th Ed., (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes 1996), p. 817</ref> "The most important influence upon Mussolini's development," writes his biographer Renzo De Felice, "was that exercised by revolutionary syndicalism."<ref>Quoted in Sheri Berman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BNV5uVCQnq8C The primacy of politics: social democracy and the making of Europe's twentieth century]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521817994, p. 77</ref> Most, but not all, of the of the leading organizers of Italian syndicalism became active fascists.<ref>David D. Roberts, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-gsNAQAAIAAJ The syndicalist tradition and Italian fascism]'' (Manchester University Press ND, 1979) ISBN 0719007615, p. 12</ref> Syndicalism (''syndicalisme'') was the French name for the British idea of "guild socialism." Being Italian nationalists, Mussolini and his followers gave it an Italian name, ''corporativismo'' (corporativism or corporatism), from ''corporazione'' (guild). The fascists ordered all labor unions and industries into cartels, (''corporazioni'')&mdash;administrative units of the government, through which it set production levels, wages and prices.

It is often claimed that corporatism means "the power of business corporations over society."<ref>Luis Suarez-Villa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RjJUmthF7zIC Technocapitalism: a critical perspective on technological innovation and corporatism]'' (Temple University Press, 2009) ISBN 1439900426, p. 1</ref> For example, in the wake of his upset defeat by [[Tea Party]] backed challenger Dr. Nan Hayworth, then-Congressman John Hall (D-NY) said, "I learned when I was in social studies class in school that corporate ownership or corporate control of government is called Fascism."<ref>David Freedlander, "[http://www.observer.com/2010/politics/soon-be-ex-congressman-john-hall-warns-against-creeping-fascism Soon To-Be Ex-Congressman John Hall Warns Against Creeping Fascism]," ''New York Observer'', December 28, 2010</ref> Likewise, an article published by the Council for Secular Humanism claims that under fascism, "the ability of large corporations to operate in relative freedom was not compromised."<ref>Laurence W. Britt, "[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=britt_23_2&section=library Fascism Anyone?]" ''Free Inquiry'', Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring 2003)</ref> While he didn't mention business, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], a [[liberal]] [[Democratic Party|Democrat]], said, "in its essence... fascism [is] ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power"<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,759590,00.html INDUSTRY: Anti-Monopoly], ''Time'', May, 9, 1938</ref> (a statement approvingly quoted by secret [[Communist]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Spies: the rise and fall of the KGB in America |last=Haynes |first=John Earl |coauthors=Harvey Klehr, Alexander Vassiliev |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0300123906 |page=169 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> [[George Seldes]]).<ref>George Seldes, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=roV3AAAAMAAJ One thousand Americans]'' (Boni & Gaer, 1947), p. 6</ref> Such claims are often buttressed by an apocryphal quote, attributed to Mussolini, that "Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power."<ref>Joseph Burrell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=52MHbNZhhT8C The Republican Treason: Republican Fascism Exposed]'' (Algora Publishing, 2008) ISBN 0875866670, p. 137, n. 1</ref>

It is often claimed that corporatism means "the power of business corporations over society."<ref>Luis Suarez-Villa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RjJUmthF7zIC Technocapitalism: a critical perspective on technological innovation and corporatism]'' (Temple University Press, 2009) ISBN 1439900426, p. 1</ref> For example, in the wake of his upset defeat by [[Tea Party]] backed challenger Dr. Nan Hayworth, then-Congressman John Hall (D-NY) said, "I learned when I was in social studies class in school that corporate ownership or corporate control of government is called Fascism."<ref>David Freedlander, "[http://www.observer.com/2010/politics/soon-be-ex-congressman-john-hall-warns-against-creeping-fascism Soon To-Be Ex-Congressman John Hall Warns Against Creeping Fascism]," ''New York Observer'', December 28, 2010</ref> Likewise, an article published by the Council for Secular Humanism claims that under fascism, "the ability of large corporations to operate in relative freedom was not compromised."<ref>Laurence W. Britt, "[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=britt_23_2&section=library Fascism Anyone?]" ''Free Inquiry'', Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring 2003)</ref> While he didn't mention business, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]], a [[liberal]] [[Democratic Party|Democrat]], said, "in its essence... fascism [is] ownership of government by an individual, by a group, or by any other controlling private power"<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,759590,00.html INDUSTRY: Anti-Monopoly], ''Time'', May, 9, 1938</ref> (a statement approvingly quoted by secret [[Communist]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Spies: the rise and fall of the KGB in America |last=Haynes |first=John Earl |coauthors=Harvey Klehr, Alexander Vassiliev |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0300123906 |page=169 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> [[George Seldes]]).<ref>George Seldes, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=roV3AAAAMAAJ One thousand Americans]'' (Boni & Gaer, 1947), p. 6</ref> Such claims are often buttressed by an apocryphal quote, attributed to Mussolini, that "Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power."<ref>Joseph Burrell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=52MHbNZhhT8C The Republican Treason: Republican Fascism Exposed]'' (Algora Publishing, 2008) ISBN 0875866670, p. 137, n. 1</ref>