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[[File:Flag of Australia.png|thumbnail|200px|[[Australia]]'s national IQ is 98.<ref name="CountryIQ"/>

[[File:Cerebellum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The human brain is the most complex physical entity in the universe.<ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Human Body: God's Masterpiece]</ref><ref>[http://creation.com/the-human-body-gods-masterpiece The Enigmatic Human Brain] by Wallace G. Smith</ref><ref>[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The Most Complex Structure], Creation Moments</ref>]]

The ''Daily Mail'' reported in 2014, "Evidence suggests that the IQs of people in the [[UK]], [[Denmark]] and Australia have declined in the last decade."<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2730791/Are-STUPID-Britons-people-IQ-decline.html Are we becoming more STUPID? IQ scores are decreasing - and some experts argue it's because humans have reached their intellectual peak], ''Daily Mail'', 2014</ref> See: [[Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries|Intelligence trends in secular countries]]  ]]

'''Intelligence testing''' began in an organized way in the early 20th Century with the Stanford-Binet test. The purpose was to form an estimate of a person's aptitude before investing time and money in their education, in the belief that aptitude or [[intelligence]] was a fixed quantity.  

 

'''Intelligence testing''' began in an organized way in the early 20th Century with the Stanford-Binet test. The purpose was to form an estimate of a person's aptitude before investing time and money in their education, in the belief that aptitude or intelligence was a fixed quantity.  

At the time these tests were developed, medical science and psychology were

At the time these tests were developed, medical science and psychology were

in their infancy. Ideas such as [[eugenics]] still had currency, and intelligence tests were used to weed out so-called "defectives".  

in their infancy. Ideas such as [[eugenics]] still had currency, and intelligence tests were used to weed out so-called "defectives".  

Testers classified people as idiots, imbeciles, morons, normal, above average, and geniuses on a numerical scale based on [[mental age]]. For children, dividing the mental age by chronological age produces the intelligence quotient (IQ) used for placement in slow or rapid classes.  

Testers classified people as idiots, imbeciles, morons, normal, above average, and geniuses on a numerical scale based on mental age. For children, dividing the mental age by chronological age produces the intelligence quotient (IQ) used for placement in slow or rapid classes.  

The study based on survey data from 702 Nordic research works concludes that a typical neuropsychologist used 9 tests in a standard assessment, and 25 tests overall in their practice. The selection of tests to use has been influenced by nationality, competence level, practice profile, and by attitude toward test selection. Testing patients with psychiatric disorders was associated with more tests.<ref>Egeland J, Løvstad M, Norup A, Nybo T, Persson BA6, Rivera DF, Schanke AK, Sigurdardottir S, Arango-Lasprilla J. (2016). Following international trends while subject to past traditions: neuropsychological test use in the Nordic countries. Clin Neuropsychol. Sep 27:1-22. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27670676]</ref> The average IQ scores for many populations have been rising at an average rate of three points per decade since the early 20th century ([[Flynn Effect|Flynn effect]]). It is not clear if whether "people are getting more and more clever" or just there are differences between past and current testing.<ref name="DickensFlynn2001">

The study based on survey data from 702 Nordic research works concludes that a typical neuropsychologist used 9 tests in a standard assessment, and 25 tests overall in their practice. The selection of tests to use has been influenced by nationality, competence level, practice profile, and by attitude toward test selection. Testing patients with psychiatric disorders was associated with more tests.<ref>Egeland J, Løvstad M, Norup A, Nybo T, Persson BA6, Rivera DF, Schanke AK, Sigurdardottir S, Arango-Lasprilla J. (2016). Following international trends while subject to past traditions: neuropsychological test use in the Nordic countries. Clin Neuropsychol. Sep 27:1-22. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27670676]</ref> The average IQ scores for many populations have been rising at an average rate of three points per decade since the early 20th century ([[Flynn Effect|Flynn effect]]). It is not clear if whether "people are getting more and more clever" or just there are differences between past and current testing.<ref name="DickensFlynn2001">

#that upbringing, education and social factors can skew the results

#that upbringing, education and social factors can skew the results

== Influention of environment ==

== Influence of environment ==

After nearly a century of IQ testing and [[educational reform]]s, some researchers have begun to assert that IQ can be influenced by the child's environment by as much as 30 points.<ref>3 weeks of intensive play of WFF 'N PROOF: The Game of Modern Logic increased average IQ scores by more than 20 points. [http://wffnproof.com/]</ref> See [[Educational games]].  

After nearly a century of IQ testing and educational reforms, some researchers have begun to assert that IQ can be influenced by the child's environment by as much as 30 points.<ref>3 weeks of intensive play of WFF 'N PROOF: The Game of Modern Logic increased average IQ scores by more than 20 points. [http://wffnproof.com/]</ref> See [[Educational games]].  

A 1976-year study that covered 258 children (IQ between 80 and 119) finally concluded that the major correlating factor is "a favorable parental social and educational background".<ref>Fisch RO, Bilek MK, Horrobin JM, Chang PN (1976) Children with superior intelligence at 7 years of age: a prospective study of the influence of perinatal, medical, and socioeconomic factors. Am J Dis Child. 1976 May;130(5):481-7. Abstract available at

A 1976-year study that covered 258 children (IQ between 80 and 119) finally concluded that the major correlating factor is "a favorable parental social and educational background".<ref>Fisch RO, Bilek MK, Horrobin JM, Chang PN (1976) Children with superior intelligence at 7 years of age: a prospective study of the influence of perinatal, medical, and socioeconomic factors. Am J Dis Child. 1976 May;130(5):481-7. Abstract available at

=== Socioeconomic factors ===

=== Socioeconomic factors ===

[[Socioeconomics|Socioeconomic]] factors can cause differences in regional intelligence levels (for example, wealth which can affect the quality of education, health care and nutrition). Although social scientists have disputes about the accuracy of IQ scores in a given region, regions do vary in terms of their IQ scores.<ref name="CountryIQ">[https://iq-research.info/en/page/average-iq-by-country WORLD RANKING OF COUNTRIES BY THEIR AVERAGE]</ref><ref name="NatureIQ">[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v92/n4/full/6800418a.html Book Review: IQ and the Wealth of Nations], ''Nature''</ref><ref name="AfricanIQ">[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100121155220.htm Controversial study of African IQ levels is 'deeply flawed'], Science Daily, January 21, 2010</ref> Ethnic groups facing discrimination as immigrants and their IQs temporarily dropping and then later rebounding when the discrimination is over, strongly suggests that IQ is significantly affected by one's environment and not due to any inherent and permanent genetic differences between races.<ref>[https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/05/charles-murray-still-convinced-whites-are-smarter-blacks Charles Murray Still Convinced That Whites Are Smarter Than Blacks] by Kevin Drum, ''Mother Jonees'', 2017</ref>

A [[genius]] is a person who is exceptionally [[intelligent|intelligent]] and/or creative, either generally or in some particular aspect. In terms of general intelligence, a genius or near-genius IQ is considered to start around 140 to 145.<ref>[https://www.iqtestexperts.com/making-genius.php What Goes Into the Making of a Genius?]</ref>

==Liberal bias==

==Liberal bias==

 

The field of intelligence testing has been acrimonious and contentious. Researchers such as [[Arthur Jensen]] and [[Charles Murray]] have been pilloried in the mass media, accused of maintaining views which different or even opposite of their actual views.<ref>Evolution advocate Gould portrays Murray as saying intelligence can be measured with a single number; Murray, of course, makes it clear in his book (as well as in a follow-up retort to Gould) that intelligence is too complex to be measured with a single number.</ref>

The field of intelligence testing has been acrimonious and contentious. Researchers such as Arthur Jensen and [[Charles Murray]] have been pilloried in the mass media, accused of maintaining views which different or even opposite of their actual views.<ref>Evolution advocate Gould portrays Murray as saying intelligence can be measured with a single number; Murray, of course, makes it clear in his book (as well as in a follow-up retort to Gould) that intelligence is too complex to be measured with a single number.</ref>

One professor had to come to Jensen's defense, after [[Stephen Jay Gould]] attacked him in print:

One professor had to come to Jensen's defense, after [[Stephen Jay Gould]] attacked him in print:

*[[Emotional intelligence]]

*[[Emotional intelligence]]

*[[Atheism and intelligence]]

*[[Atheism and intelligence]]

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.eugenics.net/papers/mssel.html As the Bell Curves] - [[Charles Murray]] and [[Daniel Seligman]] - (Originally published in The National Review, December 8, 1997)

*[http://www.eugenics.net/papers/mssel.html As the Bell Curves] - [[Charles Murray]] and Daniel Seligman - (Originally published in The National Review, December 8, 1997)

==Notes==

==Notes==