Changes

==Sabbath==

==Sabbath==

[[Image:Menora exb HSTR7337.jpg|right|thumb|Yarmulke and Menorah]]

[[Image:Menora exb HSTR7337.jpg|right|thumb|Yarmulke and Menorah]]

Many Jews observe a weekly day of rest (the [[Sabbath]]) that begins shortly before sundown on Friday and ends after sunset on Saturday. During this time no work may be done, business transactions are forbidden, and light switches are not to be turned on or off. Jews celebrate the Sabbath by lighting candles before the Sabbath, singing songs, going to synagogue, called shul, by some, and learning.

Many Jews observe a weekly day of rest (the [[Sabbath]]) that begins shortly before sundown on Friday and ends after sunset on Saturday. During this time no work may be done, business transactions are forbidden, and light switches are not to be turned on or off. Jews celebrate the Sabbath by lighting candles before the Sabbath, singing songs, going to synagogue, called shul, by some, and learning. This is based on the fourth commandment of the old testament, although the rules have been expanded upon beyond what is commanded.<ref>Exodus 20:8-11</ref>

==Branches within Judaism==

==Branches within Judaism==

*[[Conservative Judaism]]

*[[Conservative Judaism]]

*[[Reform Judaism]]

*[[Reform Judaism]]

*[[Reconstructionist Judaism]]

*Reconstructionist Judaism

*[[Messianic Judaism]]

*[[Messianic Judaism]]

There has been much controversy as to whether Messianic Judaism is truly Judaism, or a branch of Christianity which respects and practices Jewish customs. However, Messianic Judaism celebrates traditional Jewish holidays and does not celebrate [[Christmas]] or [[Lent]], as like [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] they believe these holidays to be paganistic in origin. There are also certain theological differences between Messianic Judaism and traditional Christianity.<ref>[http://www.messianicworship.com/html/differences.html FAQ - Messianics and Christians]</ref>

There has been much controversy as to whether Messianic Judaism is truly Judaism, or a branch of Christianity which respects and practices Jewish customs. However, Messianic Judaism celebrates traditional Jewish holidays and does not celebrate [[Christmas]] or [[Lent]], as like [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] they believe these holidays to be paganistic in origin. There are also certain theological differences between Messianic Judaism and traditional Christianity.<ref>[http://www.messianicworship.com/html/differences.html FAQ - Messianics and Christians]</ref>

[[File:Remarkable Jews.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Albert Einstein]], [[Maimonides]], [[Golda Meir]] and Emma Lazarus (American poet born in New York City)]]

[[File:Remarkable Jews.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Albert Einstein]], [[Maimonides]], [[Golda Meir]] and Emma Lazarus (American poet born in New York City)]]

*[[Sephardi]] Jews.

*[[Sephardi]] Jews.

*[[Ethiopian Jews]]

*Ethiopian Jews

*[[Mizrahi (sometimes spelled Mizrachi)|Mizrahi]] Jews.

*Mizrahi (sometimes spelled Mizrachi) Jews.

**[[Yemenite Jews]]

**Yemenite Jews

*[[Ashkenazi]] Jews.

*[[Ashkenazi]] Jews.

* the ''Falashas'' of [[Ethiopia]], among whom, like the Bnei Menashe, Jewish practices such as circumcision at eight days and the keeping of Passover are maintained by those eligible for citizenship under the Israeli Law of Return. The are racially native African in appearance. They believe themselves to have become Jewish from the days of Solomon and the Queen of Ethiopia. That was the basis for the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selase (Holy Trinity) taking the title "Lion of the Tribe of Judah".

* the ''Falashas'' of [[Ethiopia]], among whom, like the Bnei Menashe, Jewish practices such as circumcision at eight days and the keeping of Passover are maintained by those eligible for citizenship under the Israeli Law of Return. The are racially native African in appearance. They believe themselves to have become Jewish from the days of Solomon and the Queen of Ethiopia. That was the basis for the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selase (Holy Trinity) taking the title "Lion of the Tribe of Judah".

* The Galut of Babylon, the so-called "''Iraqis''" exiled by the Babylonians at the time of their conquest of Judah and Jerusalem (c. 538 B.C.) This Galut developed a rival to Palestinian Jewry of the first centuries and provided the second corpus of religious literature to the developing Talmud. This was in the common language of Babyon at the time - Aramaic. This corpus came to be called the Gemara ("completion"). The [[Gemara]] dates from about 200 A.D. to 500 A.D. The Gemara and the earlier Palestinian Hebrew corpus, the Mishna, dating from 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. comprise the Talmud, which regulated most of Jewish internal life, until the western European "emancipation" and assimilation of the Jews - starting in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Talmud is still regulatory for Orthodox Jews.  

* The Galut of Babylon, the so-called "''Iraqis''" exiled by the Babylonians at the time of their conquest of Judah and Jerusalem (c. 538 B.C.) This Galut developed a rival to Palestinian Jewry of the first centuries and provided the second corpus of religious literature to the developing Talmud. This was in the common language of Babyon at the time - Aramaic. This corpus came to be called the Gemara ("completion"). The Gemara dates from about 200 A.D. to 500 A.D. The Gemara and the earlier Palestinian Hebrew corpus, the Mishna, dating from 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. comprise the Talmud, which regulated most of Jewish internal life, until the western European "emancipation" and assimilation of the Jews - starting in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Talmud is still regulatory for Orthodox Jews.  

*The Galut of the Jews by the Roman [[Titus]] after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. They were triumphantly displayed in Rome and dispersed in the lands along the Rhine Valley known in the Hebrew tongue as Ashkenaz - which is known now as Germany. There they learned the language of the land which developed into Modern German. The Jews called their language, the early stage of German, Yiddish. From the Rhine, many of the "''Ashkenazis''" moved (were moved) to Eastern Europe, many fleeing from there, to America, to Israel, to Latin America, etc. learning new languages, but also speaking their old language, not Hebrew, but Yiddish. This, with the common religion, enabled the fostering of unity and brotherhood.

*The Galut of the Jews by the Roman [[Titus]] after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. They were triumphantly displayed in Rome and dispersed in the lands along the Rhine Valley known in the Hebrew tongue as Ashkenaz - which is known now as Germany. There they learned the language of the land which developed into Modern German. The Jews called their language, the early stage of German, Yiddish. From the Rhine, many of the "''Ashkenazis''" moved (were moved) to Eastern Europe, many fleeing from there, to America, to Israel, to Latin America, etc. learning new languages, but also speaking their old language, not Hebrew, but Yiddish. This, with the common religion, enabled the fostering of unity and brotherhood.

* [[Atheism vs. Judaism]]

* [[Atheism vs. Judaism]]

* [[Rothschild family]]

* [[Rothschild family]]

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/04/dear-people-this-may-seem-to-you-to-be.html Under the "Pillar of a Cloud"]

* [http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/04/dear-people-this-may-seem-to-you-to-be.html Under the "Pillar of a Cloud"]

* [http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/03/music-form-heaven-to-bible-to-mike-back.html Music from Heaven, to the Bible, to the Mike, and back to heaven]

* [http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/03/music-form-heaven-to-bible-to-mike-back.html Music from Heaven, to the Bible, to the Mike, and back to heaven]

[[Category:Judaism|*]]

[[Category:Judaism|*]]