Changes

== Justification ==

== Justification ==

It has been claimed that disparaging attitudes toward non-Muslim women and girls are promoted in some [[mosque]]s<ref name="Dixon">{{cite web|last1=Dixon|first1=Hayley|title=‘Imams promote grooming rings’, Muslim leader claims|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10061217/Imams-promote-grooming-rings-Muslim-leader-claims.html |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 May 2013|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> and that sexual predation of them is supported in religious text<ref name="McLoughlin">{{cite web|last1=McLoughlin|first1=Peter|title="Easy Meat": Multiculturalism, Islam and Child Sex Slavery|url=http://lawandfreedomfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Easy-Meat-Multiculturalism-Islam-and-Child-Sex-Slavery-05-03-2014.pdf |pages=222–258|publisher=Law and Freedom Foundation|date=March 2014|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> as a form of [[sexual slavery]] sanctioned in [[Quran]]ic scriptures, such as ''[[surah|suras]]'' 4:24 and 33:50, in which sex is permitted with ''"[[Ma malakat aymanukum]]"'' (captive women).<ref name="mccarthy">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/391814/isis-and-rape-jihad-andrew-c-mccarthy|title=ISIS and the Rape Jihad|last=McCarthy|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew C. McCarthy|date=3 November 2014|publisher=National Review Online|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

It has been claimed that disparaging attitudes toward non-Muslim women and girls are promoted in some [[mosque]]s<ref name="Dixon">{{cite web|last1=Dixon|first1=Hayley|title=‘Imams promote grooming rings’, Muslim leader claims|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10061217/Imams-promote-grooming-rings-Muslim-leader-claims.html |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 May 2013|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> and that sexual predation of them is supported in religious text<ref name="McLoughlin">{{cite web|last1=McLoughlin|first1=Peter|title="Easy Meat": Multiculturalism, Islam and Child Sex Slavery|url=http://lawandfreedomfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Easy-Meat-Multiculturalism-Islam-and-Child-Sex-Slavery-05-03-2014.pdf |pages=222–258|publisher=Law and Freedom Foundation|date=March 2014|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> as a form of [[sexual slavery]] sanctioned in [[Quran]]ic scriptures, such as ''[[surah|suras]]'' 4:24 and 33:50, in which sex is permitted with ''"[[Ma malakat aymanukum]]"'' (captive women).<ref name="mccarthy">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/391814/isis-and-rape-jihad-andrew-c-mccarthy|title=ISIS and the Rape Jihad|last=McCarthy|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew C. McCarthy|date=3 November 2014|publisher=National Review Online|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

In its digital magazine, ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'', the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women (see section following). Specifically, ISIL argued that the Yazidi were idol worshipers and appealed to the [[shariah]] practice of [[Prisoners of war in Islam|spoils of war]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq|url=http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 |accessdate=3 November 2014|work=Newsweek|agency=Reuters|date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref>Athena Yenko, [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/569402/20141013/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-isis-slavery.htm#.VD7r9EnD_Gg "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine"] ''International Business Times-Australia'', October 13, 2014{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref>Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"] ''[[The Atlantic]]'', Oct 13 2014</ref><ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification">{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Salma|title=ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html|title=Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil|date=13 October 2014|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold "To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', Oct 18th 2014</ref><ref>By AFP, [http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2014/10/13/ISIS-declares-return-of-slavery-.html "ISIS jihadists boast of enslaving Yazidi women,"] ''[[Al Arabiya]]'', October 13, 2014</ref> ISIL asserts that certain [[Hadith]] and [[Quran]]ic verses support their right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.<ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification" /><ref name="Kumar">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anugrah|title=ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/isis-claims-islam-justifies-making-infidel-women-sex-slaves-128004|agency=CHRISTIAN POST CONTRIBUTOR|work=[[The Christian Post]]|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sypher - Rape">{{cite news|last= Sypher|first= Ford|title= Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/28/rape-and-sexual-slavery-inside-an-isis-prison.html|agency=Horror|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date= 28 August 2014|accessdate= 5 January 2015}}</ref> ISIL appealed to [[Islamic eschatology|apocalyptic beliefs]] and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."<ref>Nour Malas, [http://online.wsj.com/articles/ancient-prophecies-motivate-islamic-state-militants-1416357441 "Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas,"] ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',  November 18, 2014 (accessed November 22, 2014){{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''Dabiq,'' "enslaving the families of the [[kuffar]] and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia’s that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam."<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="TZ - 10-14-2014">{{cite news|title= ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yazidi women and girls in Iraq|url= http://www.todayszaman.com/national_isil-seeks-to-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-in-iraq_361547.html |agency=abril|publisher=''[[Today's Zaman]]''|date=14 October 2014|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> In late 2014 ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet">Amelia Smith, [http://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511 "ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves,"] ''[[Newsweek]]'', 12/9/2014</ref><ref name="Our faith condones"/><ref name="Lackey - Pamphlet provides guidelines">Katharine Lackey, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/12/13/pamphlet-islamic-state-guidelines-sex-slaves/20359049/ "Pamphlet provides Islamic State guidelines for sex slaves,"] ''[[USA Today]]'', December 13, 2014</ref>  It says fighters are allowed to have sex with adolescent girls and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owner.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet"/><ref name="Our faith condones">{{cite news|title=Our faith condones raping underage slaves: ISIS publishes shocking guidebook telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872884/Our-faith-condones-raping-underage-slaves-ISIS-publishes-shocking-guidebook-telling-fighters-buy-sell-abuse-captured-women.html|author=Abul Taher|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lackey - Pamphlet provides guidelines"/>

In its digital magazine, ''[[Dabiq (magazine)|Dabiq]]'', the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women (see section following). Specifically, ISIL argued that the Yazidi were idol worshipers and appealed to the [[shariah]] practice of [[Prisoners of war in Islam|spoils of war]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq|url=http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100 |accessdate=3 November 2014|work=Newsweek|agency=Reuters|date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref>Athena Yenko, [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/569402/20141013/islamic-state-dabiq-magazine-isis-slavery.htm#.VD7r9EnD_Gg "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine"] ''International Business Times-Australia'', October 13, 2014{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref>Allen McDuffee, [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/ "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"] ''[[The Atlantic]]'', Oct 13 2014</ref><ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification">{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Salma|title=ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html|title=Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil|date=13 October 2014|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold "To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', Oct 18th 2014</ref><ref>By AFP, [http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2014/10/13/ISIS-declares-return-of-slavery-.html "ISIS jihadists boast of enslaving Yazidi women,"] ''[[Al Arabiya]]'', October 13, 2014</ref> ISIL asserts that certain [[Hadith]] and [[Quran]]ic verses support their right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.<ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification" /><ref name="Kumar">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anugrah|title=ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/isis-claims-islam-justifies-making-infidel-women-sex-slaves-128004|agency=CHRISTIAN POST CONTRIBUTOR|work=[[The Christian Post]]|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sypher - Rape">{{cite news|last= Sypher|first= Ford|title= Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison|url= https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/28/rape-and-sexual-slavery-inside-an-isis-prison.html|agency=Horror|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date= 28 August 2014|accessdate= 5 January 2015}}</ref> ISIL appealed to [[Islamic eschatology|apocalyptic beliefs]] and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."<ref>Nour Malas, [http://online.wsj.com/articles/ancient-prophecies-motivate-islamic-state-militants-1416357441 "Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas,"] ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',  November 18, 2014 (accessed November 22, 2014){{subscription required}}</ref> According to ''Dabiq,'' "enslaving the families of the [[kuffar]] and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia’s that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam."<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="TZ - 10-14-2014">{{cite news|title= ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yazidi women and girls in Iraq|url= http://www.todayszaman.com/national_isil-seeks-to-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-in-iraq_361547.html |agency=abril|publisher=''[[Today's Zaman]]''|date=14 October 2014|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref> In late 2014 ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet">Amelia Smith, [http://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511 "ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves,"] ''[[Newsweek]]'', 12/9/2014</ref><ref name="Our faith condones"/><ref name="Lackey - Pamphlet provides guidelines">Katharine Lackey, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/12/13/pamphlet-islamic-state-guidelines-sex-slaves/20359049/ "Pamphlet provides Islamic State guidelines for sex slaves,"] ''[[USA Today]]'', December 13, 2014</ref>  It says fighters are allowed to have sex with adolescent girls and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owner.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet"/><ref name="Our faith condones">{{cite news|title=Our faith condones raping underage slaves: ISIS publishes shocking guidebook telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872884/Our-faith-condones-raping-underage-slaves-ISIS-publishes-shocking-guidebook-telling-fighters-buy-sell-abuse-captured-women.html|author=Abul Taher|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lackey - Pamphlet provides guidelines"/>

==Rape in war==

==Rape in war==

===History===

===History===

{{main|History of rape}}

{{main|History of rape}}

Rape has accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era.<ref>{{cite book |last= Levinson |first=Bernard M |title= Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2rZnXQwPX8gC&dq=rape+in+warfare+ancient |page= 203 |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-567-08098-1}}</ref> Mass rape of both women or youths regardless of gender was among the punitive measures that might be taken against captured towns by [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]], or [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] troops.<ref>On ancient Rome, see Sara Elise Phang, ''Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008),  pp. 244, 253–254, 267–268 ''et passim''. See also [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Sex in the military|Sex in the Roman military]].</ref> Female slavery and war rapes were also common during the medieval [[Arab slave trade]], where prisoners of war captured in battle from non-Arab lands often ended up as concubine slaves (who are considered free when their master dies).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_7 |title=Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref>  

Rape has accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era.<ref>{{cite book |last= Levinson |first=Bernard M |title= Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2rZnXQwPX8gC&dq=rape+in+warfare+ancient |page= 203 |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-567-08098-1}}</ref> Mass rape of both women or youths regardless of gender was among the punitive measures that might be taken against captured towns by [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]], or [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] troops.<ref>On ancient Rome, see Sara Elise Phang, ''Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008),  pp. 244, 253–254, 267–268 ''et passim''. See also [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#Sex in the military|Sex in the Roman military]].</ref> Female slavery and war rapes were also common during the medieval [[Arab slave trade]], where prisoners of war captured in battle from non-Arab lands often ended up as concubine slaves (who are considered free when their master dies).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_7 |title=Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref>  

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], some Muslim jurists writing on [[Islamic military jurisprudence|military jurisprudence]] advocated severe penalties for rebels who use "stealth attacks" and practise [[kidnapping|abductions]], poisoning of water wells, [[arson]], attacks against wayfarers and travellers, [[assault]]s under the cover of night and [[rape]].<ref name = Fadl>Abou El Fadl, Khaled. [Commentary: Terrorism Is at Odds With Islamic Tradition]. Muslim Lawyers</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], some Muslim jurists writing on [[Islamic military jurisprudence|military jurisprudence]] advocated severe penalties for rebels who use "stealth attacks" and practise [[kidnapping|abductions]], poisoning of water wells, [[arson]], attacks against wayfarers and travellers, [[assault]]s under the cover of night and [[rape]].<ref name = Fadl>Abou El Fadl, Khaled. [Commentary: Terrorism Is at Odds With Islamic Tradition]. Muslim Lawyers</ref>

=== Boko Haram ===

=== Boko Haram ===

{{main|Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping}}

{{main|Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping}}

In April 2014, during a raid on [[Chibok]], [[Boko Haram]], an Islamic Jihadist and terrorist organization based in northeast [[Nigeria]], took prisoner several hundred Christian schoolgirls, who, after efforts to secure their release [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping#Reaction|were ineffective]], were [[Slavery in 21st-century Islamism|sold in slave auctions]] to prospective husbands and forcibly converted to Islam.<ref name=csmonitor1>{{cite news|author=Howard LaFranchi|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2014/0505/What-role-for-US-in-efforts-to-rescue-Nigeria-s-kidnapped-girls-video |title=What role for US in efforts to rescue Nigeria's kidnapped girls?|publisher=CSMonitor|date=5 May 2014|accessdate=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://therainbow.com.ng/tabloid/boko-haram-kidnapped-the-230-school-girls-as-wives-for-its-insurgents/ |title=Boko Haram kidnapped the 230 school girls as wives for its insurgents|work=The Rainbow|date=29 April 2014|accessdate=6 May 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref name=TelegApr30>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10797454/Nigeria-kidnapped-schoolgirls-sold-as-wives-to-Islamist-fighters.html|title=Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters'|first=Laura|last=Heaton|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 April 2014|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>  In May, a video in which Boko Haram leader [[Abubakar Shekau]] claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged; he claimed, ''"Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions."''<ref name =BBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27283383|title=Boko Haram admits abducting Nigeria girls from Chibok|publisher=BBC News|date=5 May 2014|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> and ''"[[Islamic views on slavery|Slavery is allowed in my religion]], and I shall capture people and make them [[Ma malakat aymanukum|slaves]]."''<ref name=CNNEssenceTerror>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/|agency=[[CNN]]|title=Boko Haram: The essence of terror|last=Lister|first=Tim|date=6 May 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=CNNEssenceTerror/>

In April 2014, during a raid on [[Chibok]], [[Boko Haram]], an Islamic Jihadist and terrorist organization based in northeast [[Nigeria]], took prisoner several hundred Christian schoolgirls, who, after efforts to secure their release [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping#Reaction|were ineffective]], were [[Slavery in 21st-century Islamism|sold in slave auctions]] to prospective husbands and forcibly converted to Islam.<ref name=csmonitor1>{{cite news|author=Howard LaFranchi|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2014/0505/What-role-for-US-in-efforts-to-rescue-Nigeria-s-kidnapped-girls-video |title=What role for US in efforts to rescue Nigeria's kidnapped girls?|publisher=CSMonitor|date=5 May 2014|accessdate=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://therainbow.com.ng/tabloid/boko-haram-kidnapped-the-230-school-girls-as-wives-for-its-insurgents/ |title=Boko Haram kidnapped the 230 school girls as wives for its insurgents|work=The Rainbow|date=29 April 2014|accessdate=6 May 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref name=TelegApr30>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10797454/Nigeria-kidnapped-schoolgirls-sold-as-wives-to-Islamist-fighters.html|title=Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters'|first=Laura|last=Heaton|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 April 2014|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref>  In May, a video in which Boko Haram leader [[Abubakar Shekau]] claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged; he claimed, ''"Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions."''<ref name =BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27283383|title=Boko Haram admits abducting Nigeria girls from Chibok|publisher=BBC News|date=5 May 2014|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> and ''"[[Islamic views on slavery|Slavery is allowed in my religion]], and I shall capture people and make them [[Ma malakat aymanukum|slaves]]."''<ref name=CNNEssenceTerror>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/|agency=[[CNN]]|title=Boko Haram: The essence of terror|last=Lister|first=Tim|date=6 May 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=CNNEssenceTerror/>

=== Darfur ===

=== Darfur ===

=== UK grooming cases ===

=== UK grooming cases ===

Widespread organized [[child sexual abuse]] took place in many places throughout [[England]], dating from 1997,<ref name="Kern"/><ref name="mccarthy" /><ref name="Britain">{{cite web|last1=Kern|first1=Soeren|title=Britain's "Rape Jihad" Crisis|url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/07/13/britains_rape_jihad_crisis_105316.html |publisher=RealClearWorld|date=13 July 2013|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|last1=Jay|first1=Alexis|title=Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham (1997 - 2013)|url=http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/downloads/file/1407/independent_inquiry_cse_in_rotherham |page=92|website=http://www.rotherham.gov.uk|publisher=Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=BBC1Nov2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-24771229|title=Alexis Jay will lead child abuse failings probe at Rotherham|date=1 November 2013 | work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> in which it was conservatively estimated that 1,400 children had been sexually abused in the city, predominantly by gangs of British-Pakistani men. Abuses described included [[child abduction|abduction]], [[rape]], [[torture]] and [[sex trafficking]] of children.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=Saul26Aug2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/rotherham-child-abuse-report-finds-1400-children-subjected-to-appalling-sexual-exploitation-within-16year-period-9691825.html|title=Rotherham child abuse report finds 1,400 children subjected to 'appalling' sexual exploitation within 16-year period | work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=26 August 2014|first=Heather|last=Saul|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=BBC26Aug2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-28939089|title=Rotherham child abuse scandal: 1,400 children exploited, report finds|date=26 August 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="dutt">{{cite web|url=http://www.udayindia.in/english/content_27sept2014/cover-story.html|title=MYSTERY OF LOVE JIHAD|last=Dutt|first=Vijay|date=27 September 2014|publisher=Uday India|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian13032013">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/13/english-defence-league-sex-grooming|title=English Defence League exploiting sex-grooming fears, says report|last=Smith|first=Mark|date=13 March 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc14052013">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-22522232|title=Uncomfortable truths of child exploitation in Britain|last=Easton|first=Mark|date=14 May 2013|work=BBC.com|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

Widespread organized [[child sexual abuse]] took place in many places throughout [[England]], dating from 1997,<ref name="Kern"/><ref name="mccarthy" /><ref name="Britain">{{cite web|last1=Kern|first1=Soeren|title=Britain's "Rape Jihad" Crisis|url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/07/13/britains_rape_jihad_crisis_105316.html |publisher=RealClearWorld|date=13 July 2013|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|last1=Jay|first1=Alexis|title=Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham (1997 - 2013)|url=http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/downloads/file/1407/independent_inquiry_cse_in_rotherham |page=92|website=http://www.rotherham.gov.uk|publisher=Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=BBC1Nov2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-24771229|title=Alexis Jay will lead child abuse failings probe at Rotherham|date=1 November 2013 | work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> in which it was conservatively estimated that 1,400 children had been sexually abused in the city, predominantly by gangs of British-Pakistani men. Abuses described included [[child abduction|abduction]], [[rape]], [[torture]] and [[sex trafficking]] of children.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=Saul26Aug2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/rotherham-child-abuse-report-finds-1400-children-subjected-to-appalling-sexual-exploitation-within-16year-period-9691825.html|title=Rotherham child abuse report finds 1,400 children subjected to 'appalling' sexual exploitation within 16-year period | work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=26 August 2014|first=Heather|last=Saul|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=BBC26Aug2014>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-28939089|title=Rotherham child abuse scandal: 1,400 children exploited, report finds|date=26 August 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="dutt">{{cite web|url=http://www.udayindia.in/english/content_27sept2014/cover-story.html|title=MYSTERY OF LOVE JIHAD|last=Dutt|first=Vijay|date=27 September 2014|publisher=Uday India|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian13032013">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/13/english-defence-league-sex-grooming|title=English Defence League exploiting sex-grooming fears, says report|last=Smith|first=Mark|date=13 March 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc14052013">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-22522232|title=Uncomfortable truths of child exploitation in Britain|last=Easton|first=Mark|date=14 May 2013|work=BBC.com|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==

== See also ==