Changes

===Labor and Homestead===

===Labor and Homestead===

Carnegie prided himself on his enlightened labor policy, although his reputation for benevolence was publicly damaged by the tragic [[Homestead Strike]] of 1892. It began when company manager Henry Clay Frick sought to impose a wage cut (which Carnegie had approved). When the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers refused his terms and called a strike on June 29, Frick brought in about 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect workers who remained on the job. On July 6 an all-day armed clash occurred between strikers and detectives, in which strikers trapped a barge load of Pinkertons crossing the river and killed seven.<ref>For details see the PBS report at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/sfeature/mh_horror.html.</ref> The governor sent in 8500 militia to protect the plants and workers inside from further attacks by strikers. Under militia protection, nonunion laborers manned the steel mills from July 12 to November 20, when the strike collapsed. Frick's success permanently weakened unionism in the entire steel industry, which was not unionized successfully until the 1930s. Union members blamed Carnegie for the episode.

Carnegie prided himself on his enlightened labor policy, although his reputation for benevolence was publicly damaged by the tragic [[Homestead Strike]] of 1892. It began when company manager Henry Clay Frick sought to impose a wage cut (which Carnegie had approved). When the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers refused his terms and called a strike on June 29, Frick brought in about 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect workers who remained on the job. On July 6 an all-day armed clash occurred between strikers and detectives, in which strikers trapped a barge load of Pinkertons crossing the river and killed seven.<ref>For details see the PBS report at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/sfeature/mh_horror.html.</ref> The governor sent in 8500 militia to protect the plants and workers inside from further attacks by strikers. Under militia protection, nonunion laborers manned the steel mills from July 12 to November 20, when the strike collapsed. Frick's success permanently weakened unionism in the entire steel industry, which was not unionized successfully until the 1930s. Union members blamed Carnegie for the episode.

Carnegie originally was favorable toward the union in the 1870s and 1880s because it did not threaten profitability and helped guarantee steady production. It became the largest labor union in the country.  In 1886 he published a series of articles in the ''Forum'' magazine that revealed liberal position on labor policies and benevolence toward his workers. Scholars have since argued that Carnegie's anti-union position during the Homestead affair either represents a reversal of his earlier position or the insincerity of his professed convictions. However, a consideration of Homestead within the context of industry-wide developments in the relationship between labor unions and steel production indicates that a new emphasis on unskilled labor (a result of new technology and changes in market demand) undermined the strength of the union. The Homestead lockout did not therefore represent a shift in Carnegie's position toward labor unions; rather it was the result of a downturn in the steel market and changes in methods of production.<ref>Jonathan Rees, "Homestead in Context: Andrew Carnegie and the Decline of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers." ''Pennsylvania History'' 1997 64(4): 509-533. Issn: 0031-4528</ref>

Carnegie originally was favorable toward the union in the 1870s and 1880s because it did not threaten profitability and helped guarantee steady production. It became the largest labor union in the country.  In 1886 he published a series of articles in the ''Forum'' magazine that revealed liberal position on labor policies and benevolence toward his workers. Scholars have since argued that Carnegie's anti-union position during the Homestead affair either represents a reversal of his earlier position or the insincerity of his professed convictions. However, a consideration of Homestead within the context of industry-wide developments in the relationship between labor unions and steel production indicates that a new emphasis on unskilled labor (a result of new technology and changes in market demand) undermined the strength of the union. The Homestead lockout did not therefore represent a shift in Carnegie's position toward labor unions; rather it was the result of a downturn in the steel market and changes in methods of production.<ref>Jonathan Rees, "Homestead in Context: Andrew Carnegie and the Decline of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers." ''Pennsylvania History'' 1997 64(4): 509-533. Issn: 0031-4528</ref>

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Krass, Peter.  ''Carnegie.'' (2002). 612 pp., a standard scholarly biography, along with Nasaw and Wall. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/carnegie-by-peter-krass.jsp online edition]

* Krass, Peter.  ''Carnegie.'' (2002). 612 pp., a standard scholarly biography, along with Nasaw and Wall. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/carnegie-by-peter-krass.jsp online edition]

* Krause, Paul.  ''The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.'' U. of Pittsburgh Pr., 1992. 548 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Battle-Homestead-1880-1892-Politics-Pittsburg/dp/0822954664/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191910902&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Krause, Paul.  ''The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.'' U. of Pittsburgh Pr., 1992. 548 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Homestead-1880-1892-Politics-Pittsburg/dp/0822954664/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191910902&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Jones, Theodore.  ''Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy.'' 1997. 181 pp.   

* Jones, Theodore.  ''Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy.'' 1997. 181 pp.   

* Livesay, Harold C. ''Andrew Carnegie and the rise of big business'' (2nd ed 1999), 200pp short book looking at his businesses using [[Alfred D. Chandler]]'s models of [[Business History]]

* Livesay, Harold C. ''Andrew Carnegie and the rise of big business'' (2nd ed 1999), 200pp short book looking at his businesses using [[Alfred D. Chandler]]'s models of [[Business History]]

* Mickelson, Peter. "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie." ''Journal of Library History'' 1975 10(2): 117-138. Issn: 0275-3650  

* Mickelson, Peter. "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie." ''Journal of Library History'' 1975 10(2): 117-138. Issn: 0275-3650  

* Nasaw, David. ''Andrew Carnegie'' (2006), major biography along with Krass and Wall. [http://www.amazon.com/Andrew-Carnegie-David-Nasaw/dp/1594201048/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191911672&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]

* Nasaw, David. ''Andrew Carnegie'' (2006), major biography along with Krass and Wall. [https://www.amazon.com/Andrew-Carnegie-David-Nasaw/dp/1594201048/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191911672&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]

*  Swetnam, George.  ''Andrew Carnegie.'' Twayne, 1980. 186 pp. a superficial study of Carnegie as author

*  Swetnam, George.  ''Andrew Carnegie.'' Twayne, 1980. 186 pp. a superficial study of Carnegie as author

* Tweedale, Geoffrey. "Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com online]

* Tweedale, Geoffrey. "Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com online]

* VanSlyck, Abigail A. "'The Utmost Amount of Effectiv Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library." ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 1991 50(4): 359-383. Issn: 0037-9808 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199112)50%3A4%3C359%3A%22UAOE%5B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in Jstor]  

* VanSlyck, Abigail A. "'The Utmost Amount of Effectiv Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library." ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 1991 50(4): 359-383. Issn: 0037-9808 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199112)50%3A4%3C359%3A%22UAOE%5B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in Jstor]  

*  VanSlyck, Abigail Ayres.  "Free to All: Carnegie Libraries and the Transformation of American Culture, 1886-1917."  PhD dissertation U. of California, Berkeley 1989. 375 pp.  DAI 1990 51(5): 1420-A. DA9029058  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

*  VanSlyck, Abigail Ayres.  "Free to All: Carnegie Libraries and the Transformation of American Culture, 1886-1917."  PhD dissertation U. of California, Berkeley 1989. 375 pp.  DAI 1990 51(5): 1420-A. DA9029058  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Wall, Joseph. ''Andrew Carnegie'' (Oxford University Press, 1970), 1137 pp. a standard biography along with Nasaw and Krass. [http://www.amazon.com/Andrew-Carnegie-Joseph-Frazier-Wall/dp/0822938286/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191911672&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Wall, Joseph. ''Andrew Carnegie'' (Oxford University Press, 1970), 1137 pp. a standard biography along with Nasaw and Krass. [https://www.amazon.com/Andrew-Carnegie-Joseph-Frazier-Wall/dp/0822938286/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191911672&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]