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[[Image:Lepanto1.jpg|thumb|330px]]
[[Image:Lepanto1.jpg|thumb|330px]]
==Background==
==Background==
For over a century the Ottoman Empire had tried to expand west and north into Christian areas.<ref>See Andrew C. Hess, "The Battle of Lepanto and its Place in [[Mediterranean]] History." ''Past and Present'' 1972 #57: 53-73</ref> Europe was increasingly fearful.<ref>See Niccolò Capponi, [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0306816180/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S00F#reader-link ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) ch. 1]</ref>
For over a century the Ottoman Empire had tried to expand west and north into Christian areas.<ref>See Andrew C. Hess, "The Battle of Lepanto and its Place in [[Mediterranean]] History." ''Past and Present'' 1972 #57: 53-73</ref> Europe was increasingly fearful.<ref>See Niccolò Capponi, [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0306816180/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S00F#reader-link ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) ch. 1]</ref>
[[Suleiman I]], the Magnificent (1520–66), captured [[Belgrade]] and [[Rhodes]], but failed in his siege of [[Vienna]] (1529). His son, Selim II (1566-74), was under the sway of Don Joseph Nasi, who persuaded Selim to declare war on Venice for the purpose of taking Cyprus, which at the time was under Venetian control.
[[Suleiman I]], the Magnificent (1520–66), captured [[Belgrade]] and [[Rhodes]], but failed in his siege of [[Vienna]] (1529). His son, Selim II (1566-74), was under the sway of Don Joseph Nasi, who persuaded Selim to declare war on Venice for the purpose of taking Cyprus, which at the time was under Venetian control.
Pope Pius V (r. 1566-72) in gratitude for the victory inaugurated the feast of the Holy Rosary. He interpreted the Christian victory as the beginning of fulfillment of messianic prophecies current in the popular culture of the day. He specifically believed that the allied Christian princes were destined to reconquer Jerusalem and the Holy Land in a new [[Crusades|crusade]], and that would unite all Christians, including Protestants and Eastern Orthodox. However the Spanish king Philip II was reluctant to pursue that particular messianic quest because he was much more concerned about the Muslims in North Africa.
Pope Pius V (r. 1566-72) in gratitude for the victory inaugurated the feast of the Holy Rosary. He interpreted the Christian victory as the beginning of fulfillment of messianic prophecies current in the popular culture of the day. He specifically believed that the allied Christian princes were destined to reconquer Jerusalem and the Holy Land in a new [[Crusades|crusade]], and that would unite all Christians, including Protestants and Eastern Orthodox. However the Spanish king Philip II was reluctant to pursue that particular messianic quest because he was much more concerned about the Muslims in North Africa.
The English writer G. K. Chesterton (1874-1936) wrote a famous epic poem on ''Lepanto'' in 1911.<ref>See [http://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-G-K-Chesterton/dp/1586170309/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-2 G.K. Chesterton, ''Lepanto'' (2004 edition)]; [http://www.bartleby.com/103/91.html excerpts]</ref>
The English writer G. K. Chesterton (1874-1936) wrote a famous epic poem on ''Lepanto'' in 1911.<ref>See [https://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-G-K-Chesterton/dp/1586170309/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-2 G.K. Chesterton, ''Lepanto'' (2004 edition)]; [http://www.bartleby.com/103/91.html excerpts]</ref>
Recent historians have emphasized that the symbolic and emotional importance outweighed the military or diplomatic results, which were mixed. The Turks rapidly rebuilt their navy in the winter of 1571-72, launching over 150 galleys in 1572; Venice subsequently reached a separate peace in return for the cession of Cyprus and the payment of a large sum in war indemnities.
Recent historians have emphasized that the symbolic and emotional importance outweighed the military or diplomatic results, which were mixed. The Turks rapidly rebuilt their navy in the winter of 1571-72, launching over 150 galleys in 1572; Venice subsequently reached a separate peace in return for the cession of Cyprus and the payment of a large sum in war indemnities.
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Braudel, Fernand. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,'' Vol. 2 (1977), pp 225–514; classic from the [[Annales School]]
* Braudel, Fernand. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,'' Vol. 2 (1977), pp 225–514; classic from the [[Annales School]]
* Capponi, Niccolò. ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Victory-West-Christian-muslim-Battle-Lepanto/dp/0306816180/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Capponi, Niccolò. ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Victory-West-Christian-muslim-Battle-Lepanto/dp/0306816180/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Crowley, Roger. ''Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Empires-Sea-Battle-Lepanto-Contest/dp/1400066247/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Crowley, Roger. ''Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Sea-Battle-Lepanto-Contest/dp/1400066247/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hopkins, T. C. F. ''Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom vs. Islam'' (2007), 208pp [http://www.amazon.com/Confrontation-Lepanto-Christendom-vs-Islam/dp/B00127UI3O/ref=pd_bbs_sr_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Hopkins, T. C. F. ''Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom vs. Islam'' (2007), 208pp [https://www.amazon.com/Confrontation-Lepanto-Christendom-vs-Islam/dp/B00127UI3O/ref=pd_bbs_sr_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Konstam, Angus. ''Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance'' (2005). 96pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-1571-Greatest-Renaissance-Illustrated/dp/0275988570/ref=pd_bbs_sr_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Konstam, Angus. ''Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance'' (2005). 96pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-1571-Greatest-Renaissance-Illustrated/dp/0275988570/ref=pd_bbs_sr_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Braudel, Fernand. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,'' Vol. 2 (1977), pp 225–514; classic from the [[Annales School]]
* Braudel, Fernand. ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,'' Vol. 2 (1977), pp 225–514; classic from the [[Annales School]]
* Brummett, Palmira. ''Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery'' (1994)
* Brummett, Palmira. ''Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery'' (1994)
* Capponi, Niccolò. ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Victory-West-Christian-muslim-Battle-Lepanto/dp/0306816180/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Capponi, Niccolò. ''The Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Victory-West-Christian-muslim-Battle-Lepanto/dp/0306816180/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Crowley, Roger. ''Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Empires-Sea-Battle-Lepanto-Contest/dp/1400066247/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Crowley, Roger. ''Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Sea-Battle-Lepanto-Contest/dp/1400066247/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230242215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Fenlon, Iain. "Lepanto and the Arts of Creation." ''History Today'' 45#9 (Sept. 1995) pp 24+., covers the memory and remembrance in Europe [http://www.questia.com/read/5000332378?title=Lepanto%20and%20the%20Arts%20of%20Creation online edition]
* Fenlon, Iain. "Lepanto and the Arts of Creation." ''History Today'' 45#9 (Sept. 1995) pp 24+., covers the memory and remembrance in Europe [http://www.questia.com/read/5000332378?title=Lepanto%20and%20the%20Arts%20of%20Creation online edition]
* Grant, Jonathan. "Rethinking the Ottoman 'Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries," ''Journal of World History'' 10#1 Spring 1999, pp. 179–201 in [[Project Muse]]
* Grant, Jonathan. "Rethinking the Ottoman 'Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries," ''Journal of World History'' 10#1 Spring 1999, pp. 179–201 in [[Project Muse]]
* Guilmartin, John Francis, Jr. ''Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century''(1974)
* Guilmartin, John Francis, Jr. ''Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century''(1974)
* Hess, Andrew C. "The Battle of Lepanto and its Place in Mediterranean History." ''Past and Present'' 1972 number 57: 53-73, provides a Turkish perspective. Issn: 0031-2746 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28197211%290%3A57%3C53%3ATBOLAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B in Jstor]
* Hess, Andrew C. "The Battle of Lepanto and its Place in Mediterranean History." ''Past and Present'' 1972 number 57: 53-73, provides a Turkish perspective. Issn: 0031-2746 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746%28197211%290%3A57%3C53%3ATBOLAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B in Jstor]
* Hopkins, T. C. F. ''Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom vs. Islam'' (2007), 208pp [http://www.amazon.com/Confrontation-Lepanto-Christendom-vs-Islam/dp/B00127UI3O/ref=pd_bbs_sr_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Hopkins, T. C. F. ''Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom vs. Islam'' (2007), 208pp [https://www.amazon.com/Confrontation-Lepanto-Christendom-vs-Islam/dp/B00127UI3O/ref=pd_bbs_sr_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Jordan, Jenny. "Imagined Lepanto: Turks, Mapbooks, Intrigue, and Spectacular in the Sixteenth Century Construction of 1571." PhD dissertation U. of California, Los Angeles 2004. 243 pp. DAI 2004 65(6): 2326-A. DA3135517 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Jordan, Jenny. "Imagined Lepanto: Turks, Mapbooks, Intrigue, and Spectacular in the Sixteenth Century Construction of 1571." PhD dissertation U. of California, Los Angeles 2004. 243 pp. DAI 2004 65(6): 2326-A. DA3135517 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Konstam, Angus. ''Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance'' (2005). 96pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-1571-Greatest-Renaissance-Illustrated/dp/0275988570/ref=pd_bbs_sr_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Konstam, Angus. ''Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance'' (2005). 96pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Lepanto-1571-Greatest-Renaissance-Illustrated/dp/0275988570/ref=pd_bbs_sr_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207050382&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Nafziger, George F. and Mark W. Walton. ''Islam at War: A History.'' (2003)
* Nafziger, George F. and Mark W. Walton. ''Islam at War: A History.'' (2003)
* Stirling-Maxwell, William. ''Don John of Austria'' (1883) vol 1 ch 15 [https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Don+intitle:John+inauthor:Stirling-Maxwell+inauthor:William&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0#PPA384,M1 complete text online]
* Stirling-Maxwell, William. ''Don John of Austria'' (1883) vol 1 ch 15 [https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Don+intitle:John+inauthor:Stirling-Maxwell+inauthor:William&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0#PPA384,M1 complete text online]