Changes

===Feeding, nesting and travel===

===Feeding, nesting and travel===

Adults may feed many times throughout their lifespan, every 3–7 days varying with temperature and other factors.<ref>''The Best Control or Bed Bugs''</ref>  When bed bugs bite, like mosquitoes, they inject an anesthetic that prevents the host from feeling the bite, and an anticoagulant for blood flow. Bed bugs are normatively nocturnal, and though they can bite during the day or with light, they usually occur while people are sleeping, usually when the host is in their deepest part of sleep, most typically 3-5AM. Feeding takes three to 15 minutes, depending on maturity, and immediately after feeding the bug crawls off  to digest their meal in a safe place.  The bite sites are usually small, pinprick-sized lesions that may or may not become inflamed, though often the human host finds that they itch. Bite marks can be random or in a straight line.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf MICHIGAN MANUAL FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF BED BUGS]</ref> The human bedbug has glands on its body which secrete an odorous oily material, leaving a room that is heavily infested with a characteristic odor. After feeding the bed bug defecates, which material appears as small black specks on mattresses, sheets or in the vicinity of their hiding places.<ref>http://plantboard.arkansas.gov/PlantIndustry/Documents/MP442Class2HouseholdPestRodent.pdf</ref>  

Adults may feed many times throughout their lifespan, every 3–7 days varying with temperature and other factors.<ref>''The Best Control or Bed Bugs''</ref>  When bed bugs bite, like mosquitoes, they inject an anesthetic that prevents the host from feeling the bite, and an anticoagulant for blood flow. Bed bugs are normatively nocturnal, and though they can bite during the day or with light, they usually occur while people are sleeping, usually when the host is in their deepest part of sleep, most typically 3-5AM. Feeding takes three to 15 minutes, depending on maturity, and immediately after feeding the bug crawls off  to digest their meal in a safe place.  The bite sites are usually small, pinprick-sized lesions that may or may not become inflamed, though often the human host finds that they itch. Bite marks can be random or in a straight line.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/documents/emergingdiseases/Bed_Bug_Manual_v1_full_reduce_326605_7.pdf MICHIGAN MANUAL FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF BED BUGS]</ref> The human bedbug has glands on its body which secrete an odorous oily material, leaving a room that is heavily infested with a characteristic odor. After feeding the bed bug defecates, which material appears as small black specks on mattresses, sheets or in the vicinity of their hiding places.<ref>http://plantboard.arkansas.gov/PlantIndustry/Documents/MP442Class2HouseholdPestRodent.pdf</ref>  

Bed bugs do not have nests like ants or bees, but do tend to congregate in habitual hiding places. They are attracted by the carbon dioxide and (secondarily) the heat that people generate, and they will feed only through a membrane.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> Bed bugs can travel at the rate of 3 feet per minute and 100 feet in one night, but they tend to live within 8 feet of where people sleep. They appear to have an affinity for wood and fabric more so than metal or plastic. Bed bugs hide in such places as mattresses seams, box springs, bed frames and headboards, dresser tables, cracks or crevices, baseboards, behind wallpaper, and under any clothes, clutter or objects around a bed. Their small flat bodies allow them to fit into the smallest of spaces and they can remain in place for long periods of time, even without a blood meal. Bed bugs can be transported from place to place by people as they travel, and eggs and instar nymphs are especially hard to detect.   

Bed bugs do not have nests like ants or bees, but do tend to congregate in habitual hiding places. They are attracted by the carbon dioxide and (secondarily) the heat that people generate, and they will feed only through a membrane.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> Bed bugs can travel at the rate of 3 feet per minute and 100 feet in one night, but they tend to live within 8 feet of where people sleep. They appear to have an affinity for wood and fabric more so than metal or plastic. Bed bugs hide in such places as mattresses seams, box springs, bed frames and headboards, dresser tables, cracks or crevices, baseboards, behind wallpaper, and under any clothes, clutter or objects around a bed. Their small flat bodies allow them to fit into the smallest of spaces and they can remain in place for long periods of time, even without a blood meal. Bed bugs can be transported from place to place by people as they travel, and eggs and instar nymphs are especially hard to detect.   

====Sulfur dioxide====

====Sulfur dioxide====

Sulfur, which when burned gives off sulfur dioxide gas, is the oldest known insecticide, when brimstone was used as a fumigant up to 3,000 years ago. It was used in the past against mildew and to sanitize houses quarantined due to infectious diseases such as [[smallpox]] and to kill household insects.<ref>The Environment and Encyclopedia Directory, 2001, Third Edition, p. 135</ref> Anecdotal<ref>http://thebedbugresource.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=623</ref> and clinical  reports testify of the past use of  fumigation with sulfur dioxide (such as through the use of sulfur candles) showing that it was highly effective against bed bugs. In the late 1930 to the mid 1940s it was used in the United Kingdom to fumigate entire homes, and it is reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study.<ref>Busvine J.R. 1964. Medical Entomology in Britain. Ann. of App. Biol. 53: 190-199</ref> One recommendation was the use of 20 fluid ounces of liquefied sulfur dioxide to 1200 cubic inches with a repeat treatment within two weeks.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2369743/pdf/brmedj07360-0033b.pdf British Medical Journal], p. 885, Nov. 11. 1933</ref>

Sulfur, which when burned gives off sulfur dioxide gas, is the oldest known insecticide, when brimstone was used as a fumigant up to 3,000 years ago. It was used in the past against mildew and to sanitize houses quarantined due to infectious diseases such as [[smallpox]] and to kill household insects.<ref>The Environment and Encyclopedia Directory, 2001, Third Edition, p. 135</ref> Anecdotal<ref>http://thebedbugresource.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=623</ref> and clinical  reports testify of the past use of  fumigation with sulfur dioxide (such as through the use of sulfur candles) showing that it was highly effective against bed bugs. In the late 1930 to the mid 1940s it was used in the United Kingdom to fumigate entire homes, and it is reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study.<ref>Busvine J.R. 1964. Medical Entomology in Britain. Ann. of App. Biol. 53: 190-199</ref> One recommendation was the use of 20 fluid ounces of liquefied sulfur dioxide to 1200 cubic inches with a repeat treatment within two weeks.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2369743/pdf/brmedj07360-0033b.pdf British Medical Journal], p. 885, Nov. 11. 1933</ref>

However, despite its historical use and effectiveness, it apparently is no longer legal to sell for consumer use in homes, although depending on location it may be used in greenhouses and possibly by professional exterminators in some cases, as it is dangerous to use due to the poisonous and suffocating vapors of the sulfur dioxide gas, while its chemical action on metals and coloring fabrics may leave undesirable effects.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CF4QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2218860%2Fpdf%2Fjapha00004-0001b.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNG9DYw3T_grq4d_oLBTX7x-Wi0yTA&sig2=IawKCwC3s8zx6H7WlD9T3A Journal of the American Public Health Association,] p. 232, April, 1911</ref> Factors adversely affecting its effectiveness include the difficulty in  penetrating all haborages, the higher resistance of eggs to the fumigant. Starvation and cold are factors which enhance the resistance of all bed bugs.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/06/15/the-challenges-in-1941</ref> To be efficient it must burn rapidly,  and some studies report it is not always successful. More clinical studies are needed in order to ascertain its effectiveness and the best manner of treatment.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07481.x/abstract  H. C. Gough, ''The toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the bed-bug Cimex Lectularius L.'']</ref>

However, despite its historical use and effectiveness, it apparently is no longer legal to sell for consumer use in homes, although depending on location it may be used in greenhouses and possibly by professional exterminators in some cases, as it is dangerous to use due to the poisonous and suffocating vapors of the sulfur dioxide gas, while its chemical action on metals and coloring fabrics may leave undesirable effects.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CF4QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2218860%2Fpdf%2Fjapha00004-0001b.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNG9DYw3T_grq4d_oLBTX7x-Wi0yTA&sig2=IawKCwC3s8zx6H7WlD9T3A Journal of the American Public Health Association,] p. 232, April, 1911</ref> Factors adversely affecting its effectiveness include the difficulty in  penetrating all haborages, the higher resistance of eggs to the fumigant. Starvation and cold are factors which enhance the resistance of all bed bugs.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/06/15/the-challenges-in-1941</ref> To be efficient it must burn rapidly,  and some studies report it is not always successful. More clinical studies are needed in order to ascertain its effectiveness and the best manner of treatment.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07481.x/abstract  H. C. Gough, ''The toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the bed-bug Cimex Lectularius L.'']</ref>

====Chlorine dioxide====  

====Chlorine dioxide====  

In clinical tests chlorine dioxide has  been shown to be effective in killing bedbugs, such as in a hospital room setting.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476276 Gibbs SG, Lowe JJ, Smith PW, Hewlett AL., March 2012,  ''Gaseous chlorine dioxide as an alternative for bedbug control,''] Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health</ref>

In clinical tests chlorine dioxide has  been shown to be effective in killing bedbugs, such as in a hospital room setting.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476276 Gibbs SG, Lowe JJ, Smith PW, Hewlett AL., March 2012,  ''Gaseous chlorine dioxide as an alternative for bedbug control,''] Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health</ref>

====Argon Gas====

====Argon Gas====