Changes

Warren's Court ordered lawyers for indigent defendants, in [[Gideon v. Wainwright]] (1963), and prevented prosecutors from using evidence seized in illegal searches, in [[Mapp v. Ohio]] (1961). The famous case of [[Miranda v. Arizona]] (1966) summed up Warren's philosophy.<ref>See [[Miranda v. Arizona]]</ref> Everyone, even one accused of crimes, still enjoyed constitutionally protected rights, and the police had to respect those rights and issue a specific warning when making an arrest. Warren did not believe in coddling criminals; this in [[Terry v. Ohio]] (1968) he gave police officers leeway to stop and frisk those they had reason to believe held weapons.  

Warren's Court ordered lawyers for indigent defendants, in [[Gideon v. Wainwright]] (1963), and prevented prosecutors from using evidence seized in illegal searches, in [[Mapp v. Ohio]] (1961). The famous case of [[Miranda v. Arizona]] (1966) summed up Warren's philosophy.<ref>See [[Miranda v. Arizona]]</ref> Everyone, even one accused of crimes, still enjoyed constitutionally protected rights, and the police had to respect those rights and issue a specific warning when making an arrest. Warren did not believe in coddling criminals; this in [[Terry v. Ohio]] (1968) he gave police officers leeway to stop and frisk those they had reason to believe held weapons.  

Conservatives angrily denounced the "handcuffing of the police."<ref>Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch, eds. ''The Supreme Court And American Political Development'' (2006)  [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0700614397/ref=sib_books_pg?ie=UTF8&keywords=miranda%20%26%2334%3Bcrime%20rates%26%2334%3B&p=S04N&checkSum=%252FyIgYm2ybgibk6P%252BM%252FG9LcucFd6ieUBSkCM%252FVsFiLs0%253D online at p. 442]</ref>  Violent crime and homicide rates shot up nationwide; in New York City, for example, after steady to declining trends until the early 1960s, the homicide rate doubled in the period from 1964-74 from just under 5 per 100,000 at the beginning of that period to just under 10 per 100,000 in 1974. After 1992 the homicide rates fell sharply.<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''The Vision of the Anointed: Self-congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy'' (1995)  [https://books.google.com/books?id=ISTtFtcIkKAC&pg=PA29&dq=homicide+%22warren+court%22&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=BvhqSNuHHpOkiwHp99SCBg&sig=ACfU3U2Pv3ET0J8J_NHq2uTqH_GJxcCbDw online at p. 26-29]</ref>

Conservatives angrily denounced the "handcuffing of the police."<ref>Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch, eds. ''The Supreme Court And American Political Development'' (2006)  [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0700614397/ref=sib_books_pg?ie=UTF8&keywords=miranda%20%26%2334%3Bcrime%20rates%26%2334%3B&p=S04N&checkSum=%252FyIgYm2ybgibk6P%252BM%252FG9LcucFd6ieUBSkCM%252FVsFiLs0%253D online at p. 442]</ref>  Violent crime and homicide rates shot up nationwide; in New York City, for example, after steady to declining trends until the early 1960s, the homicide rate doubled in the period from 1964-74 from just under 5 per 100,000 at the beginning of that period to just under 10 per 100,000 in 1974. After 1992 the homicide rates fell sharply.<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''The Vision of the Anointed: Self-congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy'' (1995)  [https://books.google.com/books?id=ISTtFtcIkKAC&pg=PA29&dq=homicide+%22warren+court%22&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=BvhqSNuHHpOkiwHp99SCBg&sig=ACfU3U2Pv3ET0J8J_NHq2uTqH_GJxcCbDw online at p. 26-29]</ref>

===First Amendment===

===First Amendment===

<references/>

<references/>

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Belknap, Michael, ''The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969'' (2005), 406pp [http://www.amazon.com/Supreme-Court-Warren-1953-1969-Justiceships/dp/1570035636/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]

* Belknap, Michael, ''The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969'' (2005), 406pp [https://www.amazon.com/Supreme-Court-Warren-1953-1969-Justiceships/dp/1570035636/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]

* Brest, Levinson, et al. ''Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases & Materials,'' 5th Ed., pp 898–950.

* Brest, Levinson, et al. ''Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases & Materials,'' 5th Ed., pp 898–950.

* Cray, Ed. ''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren'' (1997), the most comprehensive biography; highly favorable; strong on politics [http://www.amazon.com/Chief-Justice-Biography-Earl-Warren/dp/0684808528/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Cray, Ed. ''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren'' (1997), the most comprehensive biography; highly favorable; strong on politics [https://www.amazon.com/Chief-Justice-Biography-Earl-Warren/dp/0684808528/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Horwitz, Morton J. ''The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Pursuit-Justice/dp/0809016257/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Horwitz, Morton J. ''The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Pursuit-Justice/dp/0809016257/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Lewis, Anthony. "Earl Warren"  in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds. ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Volume: 4.'' (1997) pp 1373–1400; includes all members of the Warren Court. [http://www.questia.com/read/99223171?title=The%20Justices%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%3a%20Their%20Lives%20and%20Major%20Opinions%20-%20Vol.%204 online edition]

* Lewis, Anthony. "Earl Warren"  in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds. ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Volume: 4.'' (1997) pp 1373–1400; includes all members of the Warren Court. [http://www.questia.com/read/99223171?title=The%20Justices%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%3a%20Their%20Lives%20and%20Major%20Opinions%20-%20Vol.%204 online edition]

* Newton, Jim. ''Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made'' (2006), solid biography by journalist  [http://www.amazon.com/Justice-All-Earl-Warren-Nation/dp/B000R7O2W8/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Newton, Jim. ''Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made'' (2006), solid biography by journalist  [https://www.amazon.com/Justice-All-Earl-Warren-Nation/dp/B000R7O2W8/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Patterson, James T. '' Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/111458889?title=Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education%3a%20A%20Civil%20Rights%20Milestone%20and%20Its%20Troubled%20Legacy online edition]  

* Patterson, James T. '' Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/111458889?title=Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education%3a%20A%20Civil%20Rights%20Milestone%20and%20Its%20Troubled%20Legacy online edition]  

* Pietrusza, David ''1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed Americ''a, New York: Union Square Press, 2011.

* Pietrusza, David ''1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed Americ''a, New York: Union Square Press, 2011.

* Powe, Lucas A.. ''The Warren Court and American Politics'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-American-Politics/dp/0674006836/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Powe, Lucas A.. ''The Warren Court and American Politics'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-American-Politics/dp/0674006836/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Scheiber, Harry N. ''Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law'' (2006)

* Scheiber, Harry N. ''Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law'' (2006)

* Schwartz, Bernard. ''The Warren Court: A Retrospective'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Retrospective-Bernard-Schwartz/dp/0195104390/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]

* Schwartz, Bernard. ''The Warren Court: A Retrospective'' (1996) [https://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Retrospective-Bernard-Schwartz/dp/0195104390/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]

* Schwartz, Bernard. "Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action." ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' 1998 (1): 112-132  

* Schwartz, Bernard. "Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action." ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' 1998 (1): 112-132  

* Tushnet, Mark. ''The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Political-Perspective-Constitutionalism-Democracy/dp/0813916658/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]

* Tushnet, Mark. ''The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective'' (1996) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Political-Perspective-Constitutionalism-Democracy/dp/0813916658/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]

* White, G. Edward. ''Earl Warren'' (1982), by leading scholar

* White, G. Edward. ''Earl Warren'' (1982), by leading scholar