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In 962, Otto defeated an ambitious king in northern Italy who threatened Rome. Pope John XII crowned him Holy Roman Emperor. A renaissance of art, learning, and culture began. With the defeat of the Muslims in Italy, settling down of the Hungarians, and civilizing of the Normans, order returned. Knights kept order. Agriculture advanced. Learning exploded. The orderly, prosperous, educated, and devoutly Catholic High Middle Ages was about to begin.
In 962, Otto defeated an ambitious king in northern Italy who threatened Rome. Pope John XII crowned him Holy Roman Emperor. A renaissance of art, learning, and culture began. With the defeat of the Muslims in Italy, settling down of the Hungarians, and civilizing of the Normans, order returned. Knights kept order. Agriculture advanced. Learning exploded. The orderly, prosperous, educated, and devoutly Catholic High Middle Ages was about to begin.
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Bitel, Lisa M. ''Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1100'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Europe-400-1100-Cambridge-Textbooks/dp/0521597730/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]
* Bitel, Lisa M. ''Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1100'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Europe-400-1100-Cambridge-Textbooks/dp/0521597730/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Peter. ''The World of Late Antiquity AD 150-750'' (1989) 216pp; [http://www.amazon.com/World-Late-Antiquity-150-750-Civilization/dp/0393958035/ref=pd_sim_b_1 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Peter. ''The World of Late Antiquity AD 150-750'' (1989) 216pp; [https://www.amazon.com/World-Late-Antiquity-150-750-Civilization/dp/0393958035/ref=pd_sim_b_1 excerpt and text search]
* Collins, Roger. ''Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000'' (2nd ed. 1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Europe-300-1000-Palgrave-History/dp/0312218869/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Collins, Roger. ''Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000'' (2nd ed. 1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Medieval-Europe-300-1000-Palgrave-History/dp/0312218869/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* McKitterick, Rosamond. ''The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Early-Middle-Ages-400-1000-History/dp/0198731728/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* McKitterick, Rosamond. ''The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Early-Middle-Ages-400-1000-History/dp/0198731728/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240215155&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Thorndike, Lynn. ''The history of medieval Europe'' (1917) 682 pages; old but reliable textbook by leading scholar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqFAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:medieval+intitle:history&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]
* Thorndike, Lynn. ''The history of medieval Europe'' (1917) 682 pages; old but reliable textbook by leading scholar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqFAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:medieval+intitle:history&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES full text online]