Changes

==Right of fair use==

==Right of fair use==

Most commentators have considered fair use a "right" (Federal law refers to "the right of fair use").,<ref>[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ21.pdf see section 108 of US Code at]</ref> so the debate is not on abolishing it but on limiting its applicability. Some large copyright owners, especially those associated with the commercial music and film industry, argue that fair use should not be used with their products. "There is constant tension between those who argue that the fair use defense should be expanded, allowing the use of copyrighted works for free with no strings attached, and those who want to shrink the definition so they can more profitably exploit their copyrights, trademarks and patents," concludes Hollywood reporter Brooks Boliek.<ref>Brooks Boliek, "'Fair use' folk confront Hollywood," ''The Hollywood Reporter'' Sept 13, 2007 online at [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3ib5be56a7498cb10ef3497d7273981da1]</ref>

Most commentators have considered fair use a "right" (Federal law refers to "the right of fair use").,<ref>[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ21.pdf see section 108 of US Code at]</ref> so the debate is not on abolishing it but on limiting its applicability. Some large copyright owners, especially those associated with the commercial music and film industry, argue that fair use should not be used with their products. "There is constant tension between those who argue that the fair use defense should be expanded, allowing the use of copyrighted works for free with no strings attached, and those who want to shrink the definition so they can more profitably exploit their copyrights, trademarks and patents," concludes Hollywood reporter Brooks Boliek.<ref>Brooks Boliek, "'Fair use' folk confront Hollywood," ''The Hollywood Reporter'' Sept 13, 2007 online at [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3ib5be56a7498cb10ef3497d7273981da1]</ref>

Many scholarly groups have explicitly emphasized that fair use is a valuable right. "It is the policy of the Special Libraries Association to reaffirm the right of fair use."<ref>[http://www.sla.org/content/SLA/governance/Policies/35-89.cfm see]</ref> The Association of Research Libraries argues, "In order for copyright to truly serve its purpose of 'promoting progress,' the public's right of fair use must continue in the electronic era."<ref>[http://www.arl.org/pp/ppcopyright/copyresources/fair_use_electronic.shtml see]</ref> Official humanities groups like the American Council of Learned Societies, a consortium of the main scholarly societies in the humanities and social sciences, says, "The right of fair use is central to scholarship and the scholarly community and it should be embraced boldly."<ref>[http://www.humanitiesebook.org/copyrts.html]</ref>   

Many scholarly groups have explicitly emphasized that fair use is a valuable right. "It is the policy of the Special Libraries Association to reaffirm the right of fair use."<ref>[http://www.sla.org/content/SLA/governance/Policies/35-89.cfm see]</ref> The Association of Research Libraries argues, "In order for copyright to truly serve its purpose of 'promoting progress,' the public's right of fair use must continue in the electronic era."<ref>[http://www.arl.org/pp/ppcopyright/copyresources/fair_use_electronic.shtml see]</ref> Official humanities groups like the American Council of Learned Societies, a consortium of the main scholarly societies in the humanities and social sciences, says, "The right of fair use is central to scholarship and the scholarly community and it should be embraced boldly."<ref>[http://www.humanitiesebook.org/copyrts.html]</ref>   

In industry, the Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA), led by Microsoft, Google, the Linux Foundation and Yahoo, argues that "is the very foundation of the digital age and a cornerstone of our economy."  The Copyright Alliance, an umbrella group that represents the broad range of copyright owners; its executive director Patrick Ross said the CCIA is missing the point, saying, "There is no fair use without original creative works. Period....It is like trying to imagine a librarian without books. All those who embrace fair use must understand this and support creators who are producing the works they so prize." The copyright industries have their own numbers, claiming that in 2005 they accounted for about 11% of the GDP, or $1.38 trillion. Boliek reports that, "The entertainment industry has long used this economic contribution as a reason for the White House, lawmakers and regulators to back policies that benefit it. Those arguments have helped it win the battle for increased anti-piracy efforts, tougher laws that target infringement and for beneficial trade policies."<ref>Brooks Boliek, "'Fair use' folk confront Hollywood," ''The Hollywood Reporter'' Sept 13, 2007 online at [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3ib5be56a7498cb10ef3497d7273981da1]</ref>

In industry, the Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA), led by Microsoft, Google, the Linux Foundation and Yahoo, argues that "is the very foundation of the digital age and a cornerstone of our economy."  The Copyright Alliance, an umbrella group that represents the broad range of copyright owners; its executive director Patrick Ross said the CCIA is missing the point, saying, "There is no fair use without original creative works. Period....It is like trying to imagine a librarian without books. All those who embrace fair use must understand this and support creators who are producing the works they so prize." The copyright industries have their own numbers, claiming that in 2005 they accounted for about 11% of the GDP, or $1.38 trillion. Boliek reports that, "The entertainment industry has long used this economic contribution as a reason for the White House, lawmakers and regulators to back policies that benefit it. Those arguments have helped it win the battle for increased anti-piracy efforts, tougher laws that target infringement and for beneficial trade policies."<ref>Brooks Boliek, "'Fair use' folk confront Hollywood," ''The Hollywood Reporter'' Sept 13, 2007 online at [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3ib5be56a7498cb10ef3497d7273981da1]</ref>

===Plagiarism===

===Plagiarism===

Fair use, public domain and copyight are legal issues under federal law in the U.S. The UK, EU, Canada, Australia and Japan have similar national laws.  [[Plagiarism]] is not a legal matter. Plagiarism (deceitfully taking credit for someone else's writing) is severely punished by schools and the academic world, whether or not the material was copyrighted.

Fair use, public domain and copyight are legal issues under federal law in the U.S. The UK, EU, Canada, Australia and Japan have similar national laws.  [[Plagiarism]] is not a legal matter. Plagiarism (deceitfully taking credit for someone else's writing) is severely punished by schools and the academic world, whether or not the material was copyrighted.

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Stephen Fishman. ''The Copyright Handbook: What Every Writer Needs to Know'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Copyright-Handbook-Every-Writer-Needs/dp/1413308937/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1236919652&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Stephen Fishman. ''The Copyright Handbook: What Every Writer Needs to Know'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Copyright-Handbook-Every-Writer-Needs/dp/1413308937/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1236919652&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Mary LaFrance. ''Copyright Law in a Nutshell'' (2008)

* Mary LaFrance. ''Copyright Law in a Nutshell'' (2008)