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Karl Marx had specifically taken into account the French Revolution (more specifically the Reign of Terror in 1793) when writing the Communist Manifesto with Frederick Engels. In their correspondences, Marx noted: “There is only one way of shortening, simplifying, and concentrating the bloodthirsty death-throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new--revolutionary terror. . . . [...] Once we are at the helm, we shall be obliged to reenact the year 1793. [...] We are pitiless and we ask no pity from you. When our time comes, we shall not conceal terrorism with hypocritical phrases. . . The vengeance of the people will break forth with such ferocity that not even the year 1793 enables us to envisage it. . . .”<ref>https://www.facebook.com/373757305985421/photos/a.373910375970114.102939.373757305985421/819295658098248/?type=1</ref> In addition, the Bolsheviks specifically modeled their revolution and the creation of the USSR after the French Revolution, and even planned a statuary line depicting various figures from the French Revolution, called Monumental Propaganda, to put into context the role of their revolution.
Karl Marx had specifically taken into account the French Revolution (more specifically the Reign of Terror in 1793) when writing the Communist Manifesto with Frederick Engels. In their correspondences, Marx noted: “There is only one way of shortening, simplifying, and concentrating the bloodthirsty death-throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new--revolutionary terror. . . . [...] Once we are at the helm, we shall be obliged to reenact the year 1793. [...] We are pitiless and we ask no pity from you. When our time comes, we shall not conceal terrorism with hypocritical phrases. . . The vengeance of the people will break forth with such ferocity that not even the year 1793 enables us to envisage it. . . .”<ref>https://www.facebook.com/373757305985421/photos/a.373910375970114.102939.373757305985421/819295658098248/?type=1</ref> In addition, the Bolsheviks specifically modeled their revolution and the creation of the USSR after the French Revolution, and even planned a statuary line depicting various figures from the French Revolution, called Monumental Propaganda, to put into context the role of their revolution.
The Marxist historians, for example [[Albert Soboul]], [[George Rude]] and [[Peter McPhee]], counter by pointing to the rise of the bourgeoisie class in power due to the abolition of seigneruial rights and privileges, claiming that the French Revolution was the starting-point for capitalist society and the modern democracy. Marxist historiography, which was dominant from the 1930s into the 1970s, argued that material economic factors made a revolution inevitable, gave it force, and made it a model for the 20th century socialists to emulate. Marxists, led by Albert Mathiez (1874–1932), [[Georges Lefebvre]] (1874-1959),<ref>See LeFebvre, ''The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793'' (2001 edition) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Origins-Routledge-Classics/dp/0415253934/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189603529&sr=1-2 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]</ref> and Albert Soboul (1914-1982),<ref>Soboul, ''The Sans-Culottes'' (1981 edition) [http://www.amazon.com/Sans-Culottes-Albert-Soboul/dp/0691007829/ref=pd_sim_b_2_img/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&qid=1189598691&sr=8-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]</ref> identify two stages, a liberal bourgeois revolution (1789) against the feudal landed aristocracy, followed by a second and more radical democratic revolution against the bourgeoisie led by the sans-culottes (the urban poor).<ref>"1789: The Fact and Fiction of the Sans-Culottes Movement" (2007) online at [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/la/sans-culottes.html]</ref> That is, the wealthy town dwellers and businessmen (the "bourgeoisie") were angry that the nobility governed France. They found a voice (in Marxist language, they realized their identity as a class) and first sought power against the upper class (in 1789) and then (1791–99) against the proletariat (poor people) of the cities and peasants from below who suddenly emerged and demanded power themselves. The conflict permanently radicalized France and was the foundation of the Left in French political history. Marxists lament the counterrevolution of Thermidor and the coming to power of Napoleon.
The Marxist historians, for example [[Albert Soboul]], [[George Rude]] and [[Peter McPhee]], counter by pointing to the rise of the bourgeoisie class in power due to the abolition of seigneruial rights and privileges, claiming that the French Revolution was the starting-point for capitalist society and the modern democracy. Marxist historiography, which was dominant from the 1930s into the 1970s, argued that material economic factors made a revolution inevitable, gave it force, and made it a model for the 20th century socialists to emulate. Marxists, led by Albert Mathiez (1874–1932), [[Georges Lefebvre]] (1874-1959),<ref>See LeFebvre, ''The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793'' (2001 edition) [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Origins-Routledge-Classics/dp/0415253934/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189603529&sr=1-2 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]</ref> and Albert Soboul (1914-1982),<ref>Soboul, ''The Sans-Culottes'' (1981 edition) [https://www.amazon.com/Sans-Culottes-Albert-Soboul/dp/0691007829/ref=pd_sim_b_2_img/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&qid=1189598691&sr=8-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]</ref> identify two stages, a liberal bourgeois revolution (1789) against the feudal landed aristocracy, followed by a second and more radical democratic revolution against the bourgeoisie led by the sans-culottes (the urban poor).<ref>"1789: The Fact and Fiction of the Sans-Culottes Movement" (2007) online at [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/la/sans-culottes.html]</ref> That is, the wealthy town dwellers and businessmen (the "bourgeoisie") were angry that the nobility governed France. They found a voice (in Marxist language, they realized their identity as a class) and first sought power against the upper class (in 1789) and then (1791–99) against the proletariat (poor people) of the cities and peasants from below who suddenly emerged and demanded power themselves. The conflict permanently radicalized France and was the foundation of the Left in French political history. Marxists lament the counterrevolution of Thermidor and the coming to power of Napoleon.
The Marxist approach was a simple model that claimed to simultaneously explain the Revolution's origins, its internal dynamics and its long-term consequences. The dominance of the Left in French intellectual life ensured the theory was dominant for decades, but it had serious flaws. As English scholar Alfred Cobban explained, feudalism as a system had withered away long before the Revolution abolished its last vestiges in the form of seigniorial rights. Furthermore, where Marxists saw a self-conscious, capitalist bourgeois class, Cobban revealed only a loose collection of disparate social groups that did not include the industrialists and businessmen but rather the officeholders and lawyers. These men led the revolution not as spokesmen for the forces of capitalism; rather they were state-builders. Other scholars showed the nobility was not parasitic obstructionist and reactionary caste of Republican or Marxist writing, but rather a diverse and open group whose leaders actively promoted political and economic modernization.<ref>Alfred Cobban, ''The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution'' (1962); Doyle (1999) ch 2; John Dunne, "Fifty Years of Rewriting the French Revolution: Signposts Main Landmarks and Current Directions in the Historiographical Debate," ''History Review.'' (1998) pp 8+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001505046 online edition]</ref>
The Marxist approach was a simple model that claimed to simultaneously explain the Revolution's origins, its internal dynamics and its long-term consequences. The dominance of the Left in French intellectual life ensured the theory was dominant for decades, but it had serious flaws. As English scholar Alfred Cobban explained, feudalism as a system had withered away long before the Revolution abolished its last vestiges in the form of seigniorial rights. Furthermore, where Marxists saw a self-conscious, capitalist bourgeois class, Cobban revealed only a loose collection of disparate social groups that did not include the industrialists and businessmen but rather the officeholders and lawyers. These men led the revolution not as spokesmen for the forces of capitalism; rather they were state-builders. Other scholars showed the nobility was not parasitic obstructionist and reactionary caste of Republican or Marxist writing, but rather a diverse and open group whose leaders actively promoted political and economic modernization.<ref>Alfred Cobban, ''The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution'' (1962); Doyle (1999) ch 2; John Dunne, "Fifty Years of Rewriting the French Revolution: Signposts Main Landmarks and Current Directions in the Historiographical Debate," ''History Review.'' (1998) pp 8+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001505046 online edition]</ref>
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Baker, Keith M. ed. ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture'' (Oxford, 1987–94) ''vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1987); ''vol. 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution,'' ed. C. Lucas (1988); ''vol. 3: The Transformation of Political Culture, 1789-1848,'' eds. F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989); ''vol. 4: The Terror,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1994). [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Creation-Political-Culture/dp/0080413870/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197926396&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search vol 4]; advanced essays by leading scholars; conservative approach
* Baker, Keith M. ed. ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture'' (Oxford, 1987–94) ''vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1987); ''vol. 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution,'' ed. C. Lucas (1988); ''vol. 3: The Transformation of Political Culture, 1789-1848,'' eds. F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989); ''vol. 4: The Terror,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Creation-Political-Culture/dp/0080413870/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197926396&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search vol 4]; advanced essays by leading scholars; conservative approach
* Blanning, T.C.W. ''The French Revolutionary Wars 1787-1802'' (1996), military history
* Blanning, T.C.W. ''The French Revolutionary Wars 1787-1802'' (1996), military history
* Doyle, William. ''The Oxford History of the French Revolution'' (1989). [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-oxford-history-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online complete edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-History-French-Revolution/dp/019925298X/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189484963&sr=1-4 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Doyle, William. ''The Oxford History of the French Revolution'' (1989). [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-oxford-history-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online complete edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-History-French-Revolution/dp/019925298X/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189484963&sr=1-4 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Doyle, William. ''The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction.'' (2001), 120pp; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-a-very-short-introduction-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition]
* Doyle, William. ''The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction.'' (2001), 120pp; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-a-very-short-introduction-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition]
* Doyle, William. ''Origins of the French Revolution'' (3rd ed. 1999) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition]
* Doyle, William. ''Origins of the French Revolution'' (3rd ed. 1999) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition]
* Englund, Steven. ''Napoleon: A Political Life.'' (2004). 575 pages; the best political biography [http://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Political-Life-Steven-Englund/dp/0674018036/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197704843&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Englund, Steven. ''Napoleon: A Political Life.'' (2004). 575 pages; the best political biography [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Political-Life-Steven-Englund/dp/0674018036/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197704843&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006)
* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006)
* Frey, Linda S. and Marsha L. Frey. ''The French Revolution.'' (2004) 190pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-by-linda-s-frey-marsha-l-frey.jsp online edition], conservative approach
* Frey, Linda S. and Marsha L. Frey. ''The French Revolution.'' (2004) 190pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-by-linda-s-frey-marsha-l-frey.jsp online edition], conservative approach
* Furet, François. ''The French Revolution, 1770-1814'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-1770-1814-History-France/dp/0631202994/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197704970&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], by the leading French conservative scholars
* Furet, François. ''The French Revolution, 1770-1814'' (1996) [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-1770-1814-History-France/dp/0631202994/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197704970&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], by the leading French conservative scholars
* Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120pp; long essays by scholars; conservative perspective; stress on history of ideas [http://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189497174&sr=8-2 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com], by the leading French conservative scholars
* Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120pp; long essays by scholars; conservative perspective; stress on history of ideas [https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/ref=sr_1_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189497174&sr=8-2 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com], by the leading French conservative scholars
* Griffith, Paddy. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789-1802,'' (1998); 304 pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705004&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Griffith, Paddy. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789-1802,'' (1998); 304 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705004&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Jones, Colin. ''The Longman Companion to the French Revolution'' (1989)
* Jones, Colin. ''The Longman Companion to the French Revolution'' (1989)
* Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Great-Nation-Napoleon-Penguin-History/dp/0140130934/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705067&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Great-Nation-Napoleon-Penguin-History/dp/0140130934/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705067&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Neely, Sylvia. '' A Concise History of the French Revolution'' (2008)
* Neely, Sylvia. '' A Concise History of the French Revolution'' (2008)
* Palmer, Robert R. ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800.'' (2 vol 1959), highly influential comparative history; [http://www.questia.com/read/22790906 vol 1 online]
* Palmer, Robert R. ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800.'' (2 vol 1959), highly influential comparative history; [http://www.questia.com/read/22790906 vol 1 online]
* Paxton, John. ''Companion to the French Revolution'' (1987), hundreds of short entries.
* Paxton, John. ''Companion to the French Revolution'' (1987), hundreds of short entries.
* Rude, George F. and Harvey J. Kaye. ''Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815'' (2000), scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Europe-Blackwell-Classic-Histories/dp/0631221905/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Rude, George F. and Harvey J. Kaye. ''Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815'' (2000), scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Europe-Blackwell-Classic-Histories/dp/0631221905/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705215&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Schroeder, Paul. ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848.'' 1996; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history; hostile to Napoleon; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp online edition]
* Schroeder, Paul. ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848.'' 1996; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history; hostile to Napoleon; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp online edition]
* Schwab, Gail M., and John R. Jeanneney, eds. ''The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-of-1789-and-its-impact-by-john-r-jeanneney-gail-m-schwab.jsp online edition]
* Schwab, Gail M., and John R. Jeanneney, eds. ''The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-of-1789-and-its-impact-by-john-r-jeanneney-gail-m-schwab.jsp online edition]
* Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789-1799'' (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars [http://www.questia.com/read/9600730?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution%201789-1799%20-%20Vol.%201 vol 1 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/71902167?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution%201789-1799%20-%20Vol.%202 vol 2 online]
* Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789-1799'' (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars [http://www.questia.com/read/9600730?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution%201789-1799%20-%20Vol.%201 vol 1 online]; [http://www.questia.com/read/71902167?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution%201789-1799%20-%20Vol.%202 vol 2 online]
* Schama, Simon. ''Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution'' (1989), highly readable narrative by scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Citizens-Simon-Schama/dp/0141017279/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705186&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Schama, Simon. ''Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution'' (1989), highly readable narrative by scholar [https://www.amazon.com/Citizens-Simon-Schama/dp/0141017279/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197705186&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sutherland, D.M.G. ''France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2003, 430pp [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Empire-Quest-Civic/dp/0631233636/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189597597&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Sutherland, D.M.G. ''France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2003, 430pp [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Empire-Quest-Civic/dp/0631233636/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189597597&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Tocqueville, Alexis de. ''On the State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789: And on the Causes which Led to that Event'' (1888)
* Tocqueville, Alexis de. ''On the State of Society in France Before the Revolution of 1789: And on the Causes which Led to that Event'' (1888)
* Censer, Jack R. "Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution." ''Journal of Social History 2003'' 37(1): 145-150. Issn: 0022-4529 Fulltext: in [[Project Muse]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Censer, Jack R. "Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution." ''Journal of Social History 2003'' 37(1): 145-150. Issn: 0022-4529 Fulltext: in [[Project Muse]] and [[Ebsco]]
* Dunne, John. "Fifty Years of Rewriting the French Revolution: Signposts Main Landmarks and Current Directions in the Historiographical Debate," ''History Review.'' (1998) pp 8+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001505046 online edition]
* Dunne, John. "Fifty Years of Rewriting the French Revolution: Signposts Main Landmarks and Current Directions in the Historiographical Debate," ''History Review.'' (1998) pp 8+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001505046 online edition]
* Kates, Gary. ''The French Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2005), 308pp; essays by scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0415358329/ref=sib_dp_pop_bc/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S08O#reader-link excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Kates, Gary. ''The French Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2005), 308pp; essays by scholars; [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0415358329/ref=sib_dp_pop_bc/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S08O#reader-link excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Lefebvre, Georges. ''The French Revolution'' (2 vol 1957) classic Marxist synthesis. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-vol-1-by-georges-lefebvre-elizabeth-moss-evanson.jsp complete online edition vol 1]; also [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0231085982/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Lefebvre, Georges. ''The French Revolution'' (2 vol 1957) classic Marxist synthesis. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-french-revolution-vol-1-by-georges-lefebvre-elizabeth-moss-evanson.jsp complete online edition vol 1]; also [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0231085982/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History,'' Vol. 18, No. 4, (Spring, 1988), pp. 771–793 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28198821%2918%3A4%3C771%3ATOCAEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]
* Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History,'' Vol. 18, No. 4, (Spring, 1988), pp. 771–793 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28198821%2918%3A4%3C771%3ATOCAEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N in JSTOR]