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into riots, which further antagonized the patriots, for as one Wisconsin private wrote his sweetheart, "I hope if they do have to take soldiers home to enforce the draft that I will be the one who will have to go, for I could shoot one of those copperheads with a good heart as I could shoot a wolf."<ref>Glatthaar Sea 45; Nevins, ''Ordeal'' 325; Coddington 161</ref>
into riots, which further antagonized the patriots, for as one Wisconsin private wrote his sweetheart, "I hope if they do have to take soldiers home to enforce the draft that I will be the one who will have to go, for I could shoot one of those copperheads with a good heart as I could shoot a wolf."<ref>Glatthaar Sea 45; Nevins, ''Ordeal'' 325; Coddington 161</ref>
===Sacred memory===
===Sacred memory===
Historians have explored the construction of Gettysburg in the American memory. Hollywood, TV and radio played minor roles, for they largely neglected the topic. Ken Burns, maker of many historical films, noted, "I had never visited Gettysburg, knew almost nothing about that battle." He like many others was influenced by the one novel that was a commercial and critical success, ''The Killer Angels'' (1974) by Michael Shaara.<ref>Michael Shaara.''The Killer Angels'' (1974, 2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Killer-Angels-Novel-Modern-Library/dp/0679643249/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt, commentary and text search]</ref>
Historians have explored the construction of Gettysburg in the American memory. Hollywood, TV and radio played minor roles, for they largely neglected the topic. Ken Burns, maker of many historical films, noted, "I had never visited Gettysburg, knew almost nothing about that battle." He like many others was influenced by the one novel that was a commercial and critical success, ''The Killer Angels'' (1974) by Michael Shaara.<ref>Michael Shaara.''The Killer Angels'' (1974, 2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Killer-Angels-Novel-Modern-Library/dp/0679643249/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt, commentary and text search]</ref>
Decisive in shaping America's collective memory has been the battlefield itself, and the role of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, memorized by generations of students who were taught how momentous the occasion was. The campaign and battle is enshrined in American memory as a near-sacred event, as [[Abraham Lincoln]] said when he dedicated the cemetery in November, giving the most influential speech in American history. Every state erected memorials at the battlefield. When Longstreet [[Scalawag|became a Republican Scalawag after the war]], General Jubal Early and others rewrote history to shift the blame for the defeat to him rather than Lee, who was a sacred hero of the Lost Cause.
Decisive in shaping America's collective memory has been the battlefield itself, and the role of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, memorized by generations of students who were taught how momentous the occasion was. The campaign and battle is enshrined in American memory as a near-sacred event, as [[Abraham Lincoln]] said when he dedicated the cemetery in November, giving the most influential speech in American history. Every state erected memorials at the battlefield. When Longstreet [[Scalawag|became a Republican Scalawag after the war]], General Jubal Early and others rewrote history to shift the blame for the defeat to him rather than Lee, who was a sacred hero of the Lost Cause.
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Brown, Kent Masterson. ''Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign.'' (2005). [http://www.amazon.com/Retreat-Gettysburg-Logistics-Pennsylvania-Campaign/dp/0807829218/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199033&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, Kent Masterson. ''Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign.'' (2005). [https://www.amazon.com/Retreat-Gettysburg-Logistics-Pennsylvania-Campaign/dp/0807829218/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199033&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Coddington, Edwin B. ''The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command'' (1968), the best single book on the campaign; [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-Study-Command/dp/0684845695/ref=sr_1_13/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199232&sr=1-13 excerpt and text search]
* Coddington, Edwin B. ''The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command'' (1968), the best single book on the campaign; [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-Study-Command/dp/0684845695/ref=sr_1_13/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199232&sr=1-13 excerpt and text search]
* Connelly, Thomas L. "Robert E. Lee and the Western Confederacy: A Criticism of Lee's Strategic Ability." Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32
* Connelly, Thomas L. "Robert E. Lee and the Western Confederacy: A Criticism of Lee's Strategic Ability." Civil War History 15 (June 1969): 116-32
* Foote, Shelby. ''The Civil War: A Narrative'' (3 vol. 1974), [http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eodyssey/Quotes/History/Shelby_Foote_2.html#2-4 vol 2. ch 4 excerpts online]
* Foote, Shelby. ''The Civil War: A Narrative'' (3 vol. 1974), [http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eodyssey/Quotes/History/Shelby_Foote_2.html#2-4 vol 2. ch 4 excerpts online]
* Freeman, Douglas S. ''R. E. Lee, A Biography'' (4 vol 1934) see [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html (online vol. 3 ch 3-9], Pulitzer prize biography
* Freeman, Douglas S. ''R. E. Lee, A Biography'' (4 vol 1934) see [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html (online vol. 3 ch 3-9], Pulitzer prize biography
* Gallagher, Gary W., ed. ''Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/three-days-at-gettysburg-essays-on-confederate-and-union-leadership-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Third-Gettysburg-Beyond-Military-Campaigns/dp/0807847534/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197713649&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gallagher, Gary W., ed. ''Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/three-days-at-gettysburg-essays-on-confederate-and-union-leadership-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Third-Gettysburg-Beyond-Military-Campaigns/dp/0807847534/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197713649&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The First Day at Gettysburg'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-first-day-at-gettysburg-essays-on-confederate-and-union-leadership-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The First Day at Gettysburg'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-first-day-at-gettysburg-essays-on-confederate-and-union-leadership-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Second Day at Gettysburg and Beyond'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Second-Day-Gettysburg-Confederate-Leadership/dp/0873384822/ref=sr_1_30/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199306&sr=1-30 excerpt and text search]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Second Day at Gettysburg and Beyond'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/Second-Day-Gettysburg-Confederate-Leadership/dp/0873384822/ref=sr_1_30/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199306&sr=1-30 excerpt and text search]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-day-at-gettysburg-and-beyond-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Gallagher, Gary ed. ''The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-third-day-at-gettysburg-and-beyond-by-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Luvaas, Jay. ''Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg'' (1994) (U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles) [http://www.amazon.com/Battle-Gettysburg-College-Guides-Battles/dp/0700606866/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197710442&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Luvaas, Jay. ''Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg'' (1994) (U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles) [https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Gettysburg-College-Guides-Battles/dp/0700606866/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197710442&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* McPherson, James M. "To Conquer a Peace? Lee's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign." ''Civil War Times'' (2007) 46(2): 26-33. Issn: 1546-9980 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* McPherson, James M. "To Conquer a Peace? Lee's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign." ''Civil War Times'' (2007) 46(2): 26-33. Issn: 1546-9980 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: vol. 7. The Organized War, 1863-1864'' (1971)
* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: vol. 7. The Organized War, 1863-1864'' (1971)
* Nofi, Albert A. ''The Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gettysburg-campaign-june-july-1863-by-albert-a-nofi.jsp online edition]; [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-June-July-Great-Campaigns/dp/0938289837/ref=sr_1_44/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199417&sr=1-44 excerpt and text search]
* Nofi, Albert A. ''The Gettysburg Campaign, June–July 1863'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-gettysburg-campaign-june-july-1863-by-albert-a-nofi.jsp online edition]; [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Campaign-June-July-Great-Campaigns/dp/0938289837/ref=sr_1_44/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199417&sr=1-44 excerpt and text search]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: The First Day'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-First-Day-Civil-America/dp/0807826243/ref=sr_1_33/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199306&sr=1-33 excerpt and text search]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: The First Day'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-First-Day-Civil-America/dp/0807826243/ref=sr_1_33/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199306&sr=1-33 excerpt and text search]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: The Second Day'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/gettysburg-the-second-day-by-harry-w-pfanz.jsp complete online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Second-Day-Harry-Pfanz/dp/0807847305/ref=sr_1_19/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199232&sr=1-19 excerpt and text search]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: The Second Day'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/gettysburg-the-second-day-by-harry-w-pfanz.jsp complete online edition]; also [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Second-Day-Harry-Pfanz/dp/0807847305/ref=sr_1_19/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199232&sr=1-19 excerpt and text search]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill,'' (1993), 510pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/gettysburg-culps-hill-and-cemetery-hill-by-harry-w-pfanz-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Pfanz, Harry W. ''Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill,'' (1993), 510pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/gettysburg-culps-hill-and-cemetery-hill-by-harry-w-pfanz-gary-w-gallagher.jsp online edition]
* Reardon, Carol. ''Pickett's Charge in History and Memory'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/picketts-charge-in-history-and-memory-by-carol-reardon.jsp online edition]
* Reardon, Carol. ''Pickett's Charge in History and Memory'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/picketts-charge-in-history-and-memory-by-carol-reardon.jsp online edition]
* Robinson, Warren C. ''Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Jeb-Stuart-Confederate-Defeat-Gettysburg/dp/0803211015/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197711388&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Robinson, Warren C. ''Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Jeb-Stuart-Confederate-Defeat-Gettysburg/dp/0803211015/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197711388&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Sears, Stephen W. ''Gettysburg'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Stephen-W-Sears/dp/0618485384/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199033&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Sears, Stephen W. ''Gettysburg'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Stephen-W-Sears/dp/0618485384/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194199033&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* United States Military Academy Dept. of Military Art and Engineering and Vincent J. Esposito. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1689-1900'' (1995); all maps are online free: [http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_civilwar_maps.htm Eastern Theatre]
* United States Military Academy Dept. of Military Art and Engineering and Vincent J. Esposito. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1689-1900'' (1995); all maps are online free: [http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_civilwar_maps.htm Eastern Theatre]
* Wills, Garry. ''Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Gettysburg-Words-Remade-America/dp/0671867423/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195525650&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wills, Garry. ''Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Gettysburg-Words-Remade-America/dp/0671867423/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195525650&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Woodworth, Steven E. ''Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign.'' (2003). 241 pp.
* Woodworth, Steven E. ''Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign.'' (2003). 241 pp.
* Grant, Susan-Mary. "Landscapes of Memory: Susan-Mary Grant Argues That the Cult of the Fallen Soldier Has Its Origins at Gettysburg and Other Battlefield Monuments of the American Civil War." ''History Today'' 56#3 *March 2006) pp. 18+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5014333789?title=Landscapes%20of%20Memory%3a%20Susan-Mary%20Grant%20Argues%20That%20the%20Cult%20of%20the%20Fallen%20Soldier%20Has%20Its%20Origins%20at%20Gettysburg%20and%20Other%20Battlefield%20Monuments%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20War online edition]
* Grant, Susan-Mary. "Landscapes of Memory: Susan-Mary Grant Argues That the Cult of the Fallen Soldier Has Its Origins at Gettysburg and Other Battlefield Monuments of the American Civil War." ''History Today'' 56#3 *March 2006) pp. 18+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5014333789?title=Landscapes%20of%20Memory%3a%20Susan-Mary%20Grant%20Argues%20That%20the%20Cult%20of%20the%20Fallen%20Soldier%20Has%20Its%20Origins%20at%20Gettysburg%20and%20Other%20Battlefield%20Monuments%20of%20the%20American%20Civil%20War online edition]
* Reardon, Carol. ''Pickett's Charge in History and Memory'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/picketts-charge-in-history-and-memory-by-carol-reardon.jsp online edition]
* Reardon, Carol. ''Pickett's Charge in History and Memory'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/picketts-charge-in-history-and-memory-by-carol-reardon.jsp online edition]
* Weeks, Jim. ''Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Memory-Market-American-Shrine/dp/0691102716/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213561562&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Weeks, Jim. ''Gettysburg: Memory, Market, and an American Shrine'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Memory-Market-American-Shrine/dp/0691102716/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213561562&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/day1-det.htm National Park Service history of the battle, day 1]
* [http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/day1-det.htm National Park Service history of the battle, day 1]