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HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.nationalreview.com → https://www.nationalreview.com (2), http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (10), http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com → https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Although the US considered economic sanctions against the Allende regime, it never actually implemented them. Although Latin Americans viewed the US as omnipotent, future Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet mocked it as a paper tiger and felt free to launch terrorist attacks in Washington, D.C., during his reign. The US ended up giving more aid to Allende's Chile than any of the prior administrations. The US worked to diffuse potential coups that it had once warmly encouraged, fearing that it would be blamed if they failed. Though hesitant and uneasy, the CIA vowed to "continue to put pressure on every Allende weak spot" even after his appointment. The CIA had warned that the odds of either a military or a constitutional coup succeeding were one in twenty; after they both failed to occur in 1970, US policy shifted towards maintaining a democratic opposition to the Allende regime.
Although the US considered economic sanctions against the Allende regime, it never actually implemented them. Although Latin Americans viewed the US as omnipotent, future Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet mocked it as a paper tiger and felt free to launch terrorist attacks in Washington, D.C., during his reign. The US ended up giving more aid to Allende's Chile than any of the prior administrations. The US worked to diffuse potential coups that it had once warmly encouraged, fearing that it would be blamed if they failed. Though hesitant and uneasy, the CIA vowed to "continue to put pressure on every Allende weak spot" even after his appointment. The CIA had warned that the odds of either a military or a constitutional coup succeeding were one in twenty; after they both failed to occur in 1970, US policy shifted towards maintaining a democratic opposition to the Allende regime.
US intelligence reports implicated Allende in the assassination of several opponents,<ref>http://nixontapeaudio.org/chile/517-004.pdf Includes discussion of intelligence reports of Allende-backed hit jobs; note that Cuban intelligence reached the same conclusion--hence the infamous "packages" scandal.</ref> while KGB files smuggled out of Russia by Vasily Mitrokhin indicate that Allende received funds from the Soviet Union.<ref>http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219461/pinochet-history/nro-symposium</ref> Allende was formally condemned by Chile's parliament for systematically destroying democracy in Chile.<ref>“Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy,” Resolution of the Chamber of Deputies, Chile, August 22, 1973.</ref> The Chilean Chamber of Deputies Resolution of August 22, 1973, accused Allende of support of armed groups, torture, illegal arrests, muzzling the press, confiscating private property, and not allowing people to leave the country. In the infamous "Cuban Packages Scandal" that precipitated the coup, large quantities of weapons were sent from Castro's Cuba to arm pro-Allende terrorists in Chile.<ref>http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219461/pinochet-history/nro-symposium</ref> Kissinger privately told Nixon that Allende might declare martial law.<ref>http://nixontapeaudio.org/chile/517-004.pdf</ref> By 1973, as a result of covert US aid to Chilean dissidents and financing of pro-democracy protestors, US intelligence indicated Allende would likely lose the next Chilean election if it was held.<ref>http://archive.frontpagemag.com/Printable.aspx?ArtId=15648</ref> According to ''The Wall Street Journal,'' faced with illegal seizures of farms and factories, of defiance of judicial orders, unchecked street violence and death threats against the judges themselves, the Supreme Court warned on May 26, 1973, in a unanimous and unprecedented message, that Chile faced "a peremptory or imminent breakdown of legality."<ref>http://www.lyd.com/noticias/violencia/what_really.html</ref> Inflation reached 1,000%. Volodia Teitelboim, the chief ideologue of the Communist Party in Chile, declared that if civil war came, "it probably would signify immense loss of human lives, between half a million and one million."<ref>http://www.lyd.com/noticias/violencia/what_really.html</ref>
US intelligence reports implicated Allende in the assassination of several opponents,<ref>http://nixontapeaudio.org/chile/517-004.pdf Includes discussion of intelligence reports of Allende-backed hit jobs; note that Cuban intelligence reached the same conclusion--hence the infamous "packages" scandal.</ref> while KGB files smuggled out of Russia by Vasily Mitrokhin indicate that Allende received funds from the Soviet Union.<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219461/pinochet-history/nro-symposium</ref> Allende was formally condemned by Chile's parliament for systematically destroying democracy in Chile.<ref>“Declaration of the Breakdown of Chile’s Democracy,” Resolution of the Chamber of Deputies, Chile, August 22, 1973.</ref> The Chilean Chamber of Deputies Resolution of August 22, 1973, accused Allende of support of armed groups, torture, illegal arrests, muzzling the press, confiscating private property, and not allowing people to leave the country. In the infamous "Cuban Packages Scandal" that precipitated the coup, large quantities of weapons were sent from Castro's Cuba to arm pro-Allende terrorists in Chile.<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/articles/219461/pinochet-history/nro-symposium</ref> Kissinger privately told Nixon that Allende might declare martial law.<ref>http://nixontapeaudio.org/chile/517-004.pdf</ref> By 1973, as a result of covert US aid to Chilean dissidents and financing of pro-democracy protestors, US intelligence indicated Allende would likely lose the next Chilean election if it was held.<ref>http://archive.frontpagemag.com/Printable.aspx?ArtId=15648</ref> According to ''The Wall Street Journal,'' faced with illegal seizures of farms and factories, of defiance of judicial orders, unchecked street violence and death threats against the judges themselves, the Supreme Court warned on May 26, 1973, in a unanimous and unprecedented message, that Chile faced "a peremptory or imminent breakdown of legality."<ref>http://www.lyd.com/noticias/violencia/what_really.html</ref> Inflation reached 1,000%. Volodia Teitelboim, the chief ideologue of the Communist Party in Chile, declared that if civil war came, "it probably would signify immense loss of human lives, between half a million and one million."<ref>http://www.lyd.com/noticias/violencia/what_really.html</ref>
On September 11, 1973, Allende committed suicide during a military coup launched by Army Commander-in-Chief [[Augusto Pinochet]], who became President. Allende's policies had turned the country into a dictatorship that would kill thousands.
On September 11, 1973, Allende committed suicide during a military coup launched by Army Commander-in-Chief [[Augusto Pinochet]], who became President. Allende's policies had turned the country into a dictatorship that would kill thousands.
</ref> On December 3, Yahya preemptively attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan.<ref>Black, Conrad (2007), p. 753.</ref> Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it, because he favored a cease-fire.<ref>Black, Conrad (2007), p. 755.</ref> The United States was secretly encouraging the shipment of military equipment from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Jordan]] to Pakistan, reimbursing those countries despite Congressional objections.<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/</ref> The US used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. A cease fire was reached on December 16, leading to the creation of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. Sheikh Mujib led the newly established People's Republic of Bangladesh as a one-party, dictatorial state.
</ref> On December 3, Yahya preemptively attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan.<ref>Black, Conrad (2007), p. 753.</ref> Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it, because he favored a cease-fire.<ref>Black, Conrad (2007), p. 755.</ref> The United States was secretly encouraging the shipment of military equipment from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Jordan]] to Pakistan, reimbursing those countries despite Congressional objections.<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/</ref> The US used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. A cease fire was reached on December 16, leading to the creation of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. Sheikh Mujib led the newly established People's Republic of Bangladesh as a one-party, dictatorial state.
A 2008 study in the ''British Medical Journal'' concluded that 269,000 civilians were killed by all sides in the war.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/269000_died_in_Bangladesh_war/articleshow/3147513.cms</ref> Reportedly, as many as 200,000 Bengali women were raped.
A 2008 study in the ''British Medical Journal'' concluded that 269,000 civilians were killed by all sides in the war.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/269000_died_in_Bangladesh_war/articleshow/3147513.cms</ref> Reportedly, as many as 200,000 Bengali women were raped.
The US remained hostile to the Mujib regime, and considered Mujib himself to be a demagogue. His government's mismanagement of food grain stocks ultimately caused a massive famine in Bangladesh from March to December 1974, leading to the death of more than one million people. During this famine, Mujib rejected food aid from the United States and exported food to [[Cuba]]. By the time Mujib agreed to end support for Cuba, and the US began shipments of food to Bangladesh, it was 'too late for famine victims'.<ref>http://www.indiatogether.org/agriculture/opinions/dsharma/faminecommerce.htm</ref> In addition, his regime committed widespread human rights violations and tortured and executed thousands of dissidents. Nixon and Kissinger argued that these atrocities were far worse than anything Pakistan had committed in Bangladesh.
The US remained hostile to the Mujib regime, and considered Mujib himself to be a demagogue. His government's mismanagement of food grain stocks ultimately caused a massive famine in Bangladesh from March to December 1974, leading to the death of more than one million people. During this famine, Mujib rejected food aid from the United States and exported food to [[Cuba]]. By the time Mujib agreed to end support for Cuba, and the US began shipments of food to Bangladesh, it was 'too late for famine victims'.<ref>http://www.indiatogether.org/agriculture/opinions/dsharma/faminecommerce.htm</ref> In addition, his regime committed widespread human rights violations and tortured and executed thousands of dissidents. Nixon and Kissinger argued that these atrocities were far worse than anything Pakistan had committed in Bangladesh.
*Black, Conrad. ''Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,'' PublicAffairs (2007), includes lengthy analysis of foreign policy.
*Black, Conrad. ''Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full,'' PublicAffairs (2007), includes lengthy analysis of foreign policy.
* Bundy, William P. ''A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Tangled-Web-Making-Foreign-Presidency/dp/186064273X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175404&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Bundy, William P. ''A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Tangled-Web-Making-Foreign-Presidency/dp/186064273X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175404&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Dallek, Robert. ''Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Nixon-Kissinger-Partners-Robert-Dallek/dp/0060722312/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], dual biography by leading scholar; hostile
* Dallek, Robert. ''Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Nixon-Kissinger-Partners-Robert-Dallek/dp/0060722312/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], dual biography by leading scholar; hostile
* Garthoff, Raymond L. ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan '' (2nd ed. 1994) [http://www.amazon.com/Detente-Confrontation-American-Soviet-Relations-Reagan/dp/0815730411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175809&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], favorable analysis by proponent of detente
* Garthoff, Raymond L. ''Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan '' (2nd ed. 1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Detente-Confrontation-American-Soviet-Relations-Reagan/dp/0815730411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175809&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search], favorable analysis by proponent of detente
* Goh, Evelyn. ''Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961-1974: From "Red Menace" to "Tacit Ally."'' (2005). 299 pp.
* Goh, Evelyn. ''Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with China, 1961-1974: From "Red Menace" to "Tacit Ally."'' (2005). 299 pp.
* Goh, Evelyn. "Nixon, Kissinger, and the 'Soviet Card' in the U.S. Opening to China, 1971-1974." ''Diplomatic History'' 2005 29(3): 475-502. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Goh, Evelyn. "Nixon, Kissinger, and the 'Soviet Card' in the U.S. Opening to China, 1971-1974." ''Diplomatic History'' 2005 29(3): 475-502. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting." ''Diplomatic History'' 2003 27(5): 637-676 full text at [[EBSCO]]
* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting." ''Diplomatic History'' 2003 27(5): 637-676 full text at [[EBSCO]]
* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "Ironies and Turning Points: Détente in Perspective," in Odd Arne Westad, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000), pp 326–42; [http://www.amazon.com/Reviewing-Cold-War-Approaches-Interpretations/dp/0714681202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175936&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "Ironies and Turning Points: Détente in Perspective," in Odd Arne Westad, ed. ''Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory'' (2000), pp 326–42; [https://www.amazon.com/Reviewing-Cold-War-Approaches-Interpretations/dp/0714681202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215175936&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Horne, Alistair. "Kissinger: 1973, The Crucial Year" (2009); one of the best books on the man.
*Horne, Alistair. "Kissinger: 1973, The Crucial Year" (2009); one of the best books on the man.
* Isaacson, Walter. ''Kissinger'' (1992); a major biography [http://www.amazon.com/Kissinger-Biography-Walter-Isaacson/dp/0743286979/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577598&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Isaacson, Walter. ''Kissinger'' (1992); a major biography [https://www.amazon.com/Kissinger-Biography-Walter-Isaacson/dp/0743286979/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577598&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kuklick, Bruce. ''Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger.'' (2006). 241 pp. says nearly everyone with substantial academic credentials in the early Cold War decades was wrong nearly all the time.
* Kuklick, Bruce. ''Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger.'' (2006). 241 pp. says nearly everyone with substantial academic credentials in the early Cold War decades was wrong nearly all the time.
* Litwak, Robert S. ''Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969-1976'' (1986)
* Litwak, Robert S. ''Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969-1976'' (1986)
* Ross, Robert S. ''Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989,'' Stanford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=92018683 online edition]
* Ross, Robert S. ''Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989,'' Stanford University Press, 1995 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=92018683 online edition]
* Schulzinger, Robert D. ''Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy.'' (1989).
* Schulzinger, Robert D. ''Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy.'' (1989).
* Serewicz, Lawrence W. ''America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, And the Vietnam War'' (2007), stresses commitment to [[republicanism]] [http://www.amazon.com/America-Brink-Empire-Kissinger-Traditions/dp/0807131792/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=175941177686117 online review]
* Serewicz, Lawrence W. ''America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, And the Vietnam War'' (2007), stresses commitment to [[republicanism]] [https://www.amazon.com/America-Brink-Empire-Kissinger-Traditions/dp/0807131792/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=175941177686117 online review]
* Suri, Jeremi. ''Henry Kissinger and the American Century'' (2007), intellectual biography focused on pre-1969
* Suri, Jeremi. ''Henry Kissinger and the American Century'' (2007), intellectual biography focused on pre-1969
* Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. "Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China." ''Journal of American History'' 2005 92(1): 109-135. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.1/tucker.html in History Cooperative]
* Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf. "Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China." ''Journal of American History'' 2005 92(1): 109-135. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/92.1/tucker.html in History Cooperative]
* Warner, Geoffrey. "Nixon, Kissinger and the Rapprochement with China, 1969-1972." ''International Affairs'' 2007 83(4): 763-781. Issn: 0020-5850 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Warner, Geoffrey. "Nixon, Kissinger and the Rapprochement with China, 1969-1972." ''International Affairs'' 2007 83(4): 763-781. Issn: 0020-5850 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Willbanks, James H. ''Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Abandoning-Vietnam-America-Left-South/dp/0700613315/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]
* Willbanks, James H. ''Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Abandoning-Vietnam-America-Left-South/dp/0700613315/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-15 excerpt and text search]
===Primary Sources===
===Primary Sources===
* Kissinger, Henry. ''White House Years'' (1979). Nov. 1968-Jan. 1973; ''Years of Upheaval'' (1982). Jan. 1973 to Aug. 1974; ''Years of Renewal'' (1999), Aug. 1974 to Jan. 1977 [http://www.amazon.com/Years-Renewal-Henry-Kissinger/dp/075675383X/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search vol 3]
* Kissinger, Henry. ''White House Years'' (1979). Nov. 1968-Jan. 1973; ''Years of Upheaval'' (1982). Jan. 1973 to Aug. 1974; ''Years of Renewal'' (1999), Aug. 1974 to Jan. 1977 [https://www.amazon.com/Years-Renewal-Henry-Kissinger/dp/075675383X/ref=sr_1_16?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577632&sr=8-16 excerpt and text search vol 3]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Conservative Dilemma: Reflections on the Political Thought of Metternich" ''The American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 48, No. 4 (Dec., 1954), pp. 1017–1030 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1951008 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Conservative Dilemma: Reflections on the Political Thought of Metternich" ''The American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 48, No. 4 (Dec., 1954), pp. 1017–1030 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1951008 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Congress of Vienna: A Reappraisal," ''World Politics,'' Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jan., 1956), pp. 264–280 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2008974 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Congress of Vienna: A Reappraisal," ''World Politics,'' Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jan., 1956), pp. 264–280 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2008974 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Kissinger Commission on Population and Development in Central America," ''Population and Development Review,'' Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), pp. 381–389 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1973103 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. "The Kissinger Commission on Population and Development in Central America," ''Population and Development Review,'' Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), pp. 381–389 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1973103 in JSTOR]
* Kissinger, Henry. ''Diplomacy'' (1994) an interpretive history since 1815
* Kissinger, Henry. ''Diplomacy'' (1994) an interpretive history since 1815
* Kissinger, Henry. ''Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Ending-Vietnam-War-Involvement-Extrication/dp/074321532X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kissinger, Henry. ''Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Ending-Vietnam-War-Involvement-Extrication/dp/074321532X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211741669&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Haldeman, H. R. ''The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House'' (1994)
* Haldeman, H. R. ''The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House'' (1994)
* Nixon, Richard. ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/RN-Memoirs-Richard-Nixon/dp/0671707418/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577855&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Nixon, Richard. ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'' (1981) [https://www.amazon.com/RN-Memoirs-Richard-Nixon/dp/0671707418/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211577855&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
==Online sources==
==Online sources==