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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time.'' (2006). 277 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Wars-Leibniz-Greatest-Mathematical/dp/1560259922/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345258&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time.'' (2006). 277 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Calculus-Wars-Leibniz-Greatest-Mathematical/dp/1560259922/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345258&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Bechler, Zev. ''Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution.'' (1991). 588 pp.
* Bechler, Zev. ''Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution.'' (1991). 588 pp.
* Berlinski, David. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' (2000). 256 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Gift-Newton-Unlocked-System/dp/0743217764/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345336&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Berlinski, David. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' (2000). 256 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Gift-Newton-Unlocked-System/dp/0743217764/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345336&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy.'' MIT Press, 2001. 354 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Natural-Philosophy-Institute-Technology/dp/0262524252/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345369&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard, eds. ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy.'' MIT Press, 2001. 354 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Natural-Philosophy-Institute-Technology/dp/0262524252/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345369&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Casini, P. "Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment." ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London'' 1988 42(1): 35-52. Issn: 0035-9149 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/531368 Jstor]
* Casini, P. "Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment." ''Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London'' 1988 42(1): 35-52. Issn: 0035-9149 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/531368 Jstor]
* Christianson, Gale E. ''Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution.'' Oxford U. Press, 1996. 160 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Lives-Legacies-Christianson/dp/019530070X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Christianson, Gale E. ''Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution.'' Oxford U. Press, 1996. 160 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Lives-Legacies-Christianson/dp/019530070X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Christianson, Gale E. ''In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times.'' (1984). 608 pp.
* Christianson, Gale E. ''In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times.'' (1984). 608 pp.
* Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Newton-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0521656966/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/105054986 complete edition online]
* Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Newton-Companions-Philosophy/dp/0521656966/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337095&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/105054986 complete edition online]
* Cohen, I. Bernard. ''The Newtonian Revolution with Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 404 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Newtonian-Revolution-I-Bernard-Cohen/dp/0521273803/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345406&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Cohen, I. Bernard. ''The Newtonian Revolution with Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 404 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtonian-Revolution-I-Bernard-Cohen/dp/0521273803/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345406&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* DeGandt, François. ''Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia.'' Princeton U. Press, 1995. 296 pp.
* DeGandt, François. ''Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia.'' Princeton U. Press, 1995. 296 pp.
* Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1991. 359 pp.
* Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1991. 359 pp.
* Fara, Patricia. ''Newton: The Making of a Genius.'' Columbia U. Press, 2003. 347 pp [http://www.amazon.com/Newton-Making-Genius-Patricia-Fara/dp/023112807X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345174&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Fara, Patricia. ''Newton: The Making of a Genius.'' Columbia U. Press, 2003. 347 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Newton-Making-Genius-Patricia-Fara/dp/023112807X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345174&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Fauvel, John et al., ed. ''Let Newton Be!'' Oxford U. Press, (1989). 272 pp.
* Fauvel, John et al., ed. ''Let Newton Be!'' Oxford U. Press, (1989). 272 pp.
* Feingold, Mordechai. ''The Newtonian Moment: Isaac Newton and the Making of Modern Culture.'' (2004) 218 pp. catalog of exhibit at New York Public Library, 2004-5
* Feingold, Mordechai. ''The Newtonian Moment: Isaac Newton and the Making of Modern Culture.'' (2004) 218 pp. catalog of exhibit at New York Public Library, 2004-5
* Force, James E. and Hutton, Sarah, ed. ''Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies.'' (2004). 246 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Newton-Newtonianism-International-internationales-dhistoire/dp/1402019696/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345450&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Force, James E. and Hutton, Sarah, ed. ''Newton and Newtonianism: New Studies.'' (2004). 246 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newton-Newtonianism-International-internationales-dhistoire/dp/1402019696/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345450&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Gjertsen, Derek. ''The Newton Handbook.'' (1987). 665 pp.
* Gjertsen, Derek. ''The Newton Handbook.'' (1987). 665 pp.
* Gleick, James. ''Isaac Newton.''(2003). 272 pp.
* Gleick, James. ''Isaac Newton.''(2003). 272 pp.
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''All Was Light: An Introduction to Newton's Opticks.'' Oxford U. Press, 1993. 252 pp.
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''All Was Light: An Introduction to Newton's Opticks.'' Oxford U. Press, 1993. 252 pp.
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought.'' (1992). 468 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Adventurer-Cambridge-Biographies/dp/052156669X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196336989&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hall, A. Rupert. ''Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought.'' (1992). 468 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Isaac-Newton-Adventurer-Cambridge-Biographies/dp/052156669X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196336989&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hofmann, Joseph Ehrenfried. ''Classical Mathematics: A Concise History of the Classical Era in Mathematics.'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/classical-mathematics-a-concise-history-of-the-classical-era-in-mathematics-by-joseph-ehrenfried-hofmann.jsp online edition]
* Hofmann, Joseph Ehrenfried. ''Classical Mathematics: A Concise History of the Classical Era in Mathematics.'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/classical-mathematics-a-concise-history-of-the-classical-era-in-mathematics-by-joseph-ehrenfried-hofmann.jsp online edition]
* Hoskin, Michael. "Newton and Newtonianism" pp 130–67 in Hoskin, ed. ''The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Concise-History-Astronomy/dp/0521576008/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Hoskin, Michael. "Newton and Newtonianism" pp 130–67 in Hoskin, ed. ''The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Concise-History-Astronomy/dp/0521576008/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Kline, Morris. ''Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times''. Volume: 1. (1972).
* Kline, Morris. ''Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times''. Volume: 1. (1972).
* Mandelbrote, Scott. ''Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work.'' Cambridge U. Press, (2001). 142 pp
* Mandelbrote, Scott. ''Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work.'' Cambridge U. Press, (2001). 142 pp
* Olby, R.c. et al. ''Companion to the History of Modern Science.'' (1990) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106933088 online edition], on the history of Newtonianism
* Olby, R.c. et al. ''Companion to the History of Modern Science.'' (1990) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106933088 online edition], on the history of Newtonianism
* Park, Katharine, and Lorraine Daston, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 3: Early Modern Science'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521572444/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S008#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Park, Katharine, and Lorraine Daston, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 3: Early Modern Science'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521572444/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S008#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Rankin, William. ''Introducing Newton'' (3rd ed. 2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Newton-Introducing-William-Rankin/dp/1840468424/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345513&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Rankin, William. ''Introducing Newton'' (3rd ed. 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Newton-Introducing-William-Rankin/dp/1840468424/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196345513&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Sepper, Dennis L. ''Newton's Optical Writings: A Guided Study.'' Rutgers U. Press, 1994. 224 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Optical-Writings-Masterworks-Discovery/dp/081352038X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337057&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sepper, Dennis L. ''Newton's Optical Writings: A Guided Study.'' Rutgers U. Press, 1994. 224 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Optical-Writings-Masterworks-Discovery/dp/081352038X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337057&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Shapiro, Alan E. ''Fits, Passions, and Paroxysms: Physics, Method, and Chemistry and Newton's Theories of Colored Bodies and Fits of Easy Reflection.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 400 pp.
* Shapiro, Alan E. ''Fits, Passions, and Paroxysms: Physics, Method, and Chemistry and Newton's Theories of Colored Bodies and Fits of Easy Reflection.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 400 pp.
* Thrower, Norman J. W., ed. ''Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: A Longer View of Newton and Halley: Essays Commemorating the Tercentenary of Newton's Principia and the 1985-1986 Return of Comet Halley.'' U. of California Press, 1990. 429 pp.
* Thrower, Norman J. W., ed. ''Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: A Longer View of Newton and Halley: Essays Commemorating the Tercentenary of Newton's Principia and the 1985-1986 Return of Comet Halley.'' U. of California Press, 1990. 429 pp.
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [http://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
** Westfall, Richard S. ''The Life of Isaac Newton.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 328 pp., short version [http://www.amazon.com/Life-Isaac-Newton-Canto-original/dp/0521477379/ref=sip_rech_dp_10 excerpt and text search]
** Westfall, Richard S. ''The Life of Isaac Newton.'' Cambridge U. Press, (1993). 328 pp., short version [https://www.amazon.com/Life-Isaac-Newton-Canto-original/dp/0521477379/ref=sip_rech_dp_10 excerpt and text search]
* Westfall, Richard S. "Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004); online edition
* Westfall, Richard S. "Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004); online edition
* White, Michael. ''Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer.'' (1998). 416 pp. Newton as alchemist [http://www.questia.com/read/9931462 online edition]
* White, Michael. ''Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer.'' (1998). 416 pp. Newton as alchemist [http://www.questia.com/read/9931462 online edition]
* Snobelen, Stephen D. "Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite," ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 32: 381-419. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4027945 in JSTOR]
* Snobelen, Stephen D. "Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite," ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 32: 381-419. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4027945 in JSTOR]
* Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?," ''Journal of the History of Ideas,'' Vol. 58, No. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 57–80 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653988 in JSTOR]
* Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?," ''Journal of the History of Ideas,'' Vol. 58, No. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 57–80 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3653988 in JSTOR]
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [http://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton.'' 2 vol. Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 895 pp. the major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Rest-Biography-Cambridge-Paperback/dp/0521274354/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196337354&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wiles, Maurice. ''Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries.'' (1996) 214pp, with chapter 4 on 18th century England; pp 77–93 on Newton [http://www.amazon.com/Archetypal-Heresy-Arianism-through-Centuries/dp/0199245916/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221655973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search],
* Wiles, Maurice. ''Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries.'' (1996) 214pp, with chapter 4 on 18th century England; pp 77–93 on Newton [https://www.amazon.com/Archetypal-Heresy-Arianism-through-Centuries/dp/0199245916/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1221655973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search],
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===