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'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

'''Julius<ref>Although Oppenheimer always insisted that the initial J. in his name stood for "nothing" (Jeremy Bernstein, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kajvAAAAMAAJ Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma]'' [Ivan R. Dee, 2004] ISBN 1566635691, p. x), his birth certificate identifies him as "Julius Robert Oppenheimer." [[#refPK|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 355</ref> Robert Oppenheimer''' (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and director of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], one of four laboratories<ref>The others were the [http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/fermi.html Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago], under [http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html Arthur Compton];[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064529/http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/communications/graphite-reactor Clinton Laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee], under [http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev25-34/chapter1.shtml Martin Whitaker]; and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190523/http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/WorldWarIIEra Hanford Engineer Works] in Hanford, Washington, under Crawford Greenewalt. S. L. Sanger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjuoe2W4BoC Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford]'' (Continuing Education Press, 1995) ISBN 0876781156, p. 3. Cf. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527133244/http://www.energy.gov/media/Manhattan_Project_Map.pdf Manhattan Project Map], United States Department of Energy</ref> involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[atomic bomb]]. He was also a secret member of the [[Communist Party]].<ref>Alexander Vassiliev, tr. Philip Redko, Yellow notebook #1 (Cold War International History Center, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars), [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No._1_Original.pdf orig.], PDF p. 6; [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Yellow_Notebook_No.1_Translated.pdf trans.], p. 10. Cf. [[#refHaynes08|Haynes 2008]]: 120; [[#refHKV09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 49</ref>

Like other [[liberal]]s, Oppenheimer was not as smart as he wanted to be:  he was rejected by [[Ernest Rutherford]] as a student, and was not at the high level of [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John von Neumann]], or [[Robert Dicke]]. Like a fellow communist later on, former [[CIA]] director [[John Brennan]], Oppenheimer's security clearance was permanently revoked by presidential directive for [[colluding]] with the [[KGB]] and sparking the [[Cold War]] nuclear arms race.

Like other [[liberal]]s, Oppenheimer was not as smart as he wanted to be:  he was rejected by [[Ernest Rutherford]] as a student, and was not at the high level of [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John von Neumann]], or [[Robert Dicke]]. Like a fellow communist later on, former [[CIA]] director [[John Brennan]], Oppenheimer's security clearance was permanently revoked by presidential directive for [[colluding]] with the [[KGB]] and sparking the [[Cold War]] nuclear arms race.

At Caltech, Oppenheimer had befriended Linus Pauling, and wrote him poems Pauling found "troubling," which included allusions to pederasty. Pauling broke off the friendship after Oppenheimer made a pass at his wife, Ava Helen Pauling, who told her husband, "I think he was in love with you."<ref>Thomas Hager, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FNXaAAAAMAAJ Force of nature: the life of Linus Pauling]'' (Simon & Schuster, 1995) ISBN 0684809095, pp. 150-152</ref> At Berkeley, rumors circulated of an affair between Oppenheimer and a homosexual student who lived with him,<ref>Silvan S. Schweber, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBNpeh2BaG4C In the shadow of the bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the moral responsibility of the scientist]'' (Princeton University Press, 2000) ISBN 0691049890, p. 203, n. 69. Oppenheimer's colleague Abrahaim Pais wrote that "I was convinced that strong latent homosexuality was an important ingredient in Robert's emotional makeup." (Abraham Pais, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XrYrAAAAYAAJ A tale of two continents: a physicist's life in a turbulent world]'' [Oxford University Press, 1997] ISBN 0198501994, p. 241) One biographer comments, "it seems fairly likely that sexual ambivalence was one aspect of Oppenheimer's youthful problems of identity." Charles Thorpe, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWek8zJ-U7IC Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0226798453, p. 51</ref> but in 1936 he began an affair with Jean Tatlock, a medical student at Stanford<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 236</ref> and daughter of Oppenheimer's fellow Berkeley professor John S.P. Tatlock,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 109</ref> a contributor to ''[[Nation (magazine)|The Nation]]''.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/john-s-p-tatlock Author Bios: John S.P. Tatlock, thenation.com]</ref> Then, In 1939, Oppenheimer began an affair with [http://foia.fbi.gov/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Katherine "Kitty" Puening Dallet Harrison]. After moving in with Oppenheimer and becoming pregnant,<ref>David Cassidy, ''J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century'' (Pi Press: 2004) ISBN 0-13-147996-2, pp. 186-187</ref> Kitty abandoned her third husband,<ref>Richard Rhodes, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/books/review/15RHODESL.html Nuclear Options]," ''The New York Times'', May 15, 2005</ref> a cancer researcher at Caltech,<ref>[[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 214</ref> to marry Oppenheimer in 1940, though he continued his affair with Tatlock until at least June 1943. During [[World War II]], while married to Kitty, Oppenheimer began an affair with another married woman, Ruth Tolman, the wife of Caltech physicist Richard Tolman, whom Oppenheimer testified was "a very close and dear friend of mine."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 363</ref> The affair "devastated Richard Tolman,"<ref>C. Mott Woolley, "[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE10Aa02.html The tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer]," ''Asia Times'', May 10, 2006</ref> who died, according to [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence.html Nobel Prize-winning] physicist Ernest Lawrence, "of a broken heart."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 365</ref> Kitty took to drinking.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 407-409</ref>

At Caltech, Oppenheimer had befriended Linus Pauling, and wrote him poems Pauling found "troubling," which included allusions to pederasty. Pauling broke off the friendship after Oppenheimer made a pass at his wife, Ava Helen Pauling, who told her husband, "I think he was in love with you."<ref>Thomas Hager, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FNXaAAAAMAAJ Force of nature: the life of Linus Pauling]'' (Simon & Schuster, 1995) ISBN 0684809095, pp. 150-152</ref> At Berkeley, rumors circulated of an affair between Oppenheimer and a homosexual student who lived with him,<ref>Silvan S. Schweber, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBNpeh2BaG4C In the shadow of the bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the moral responsibility of the scientist]'' (Princeton University Press, 2000) ISBN 0691049890, p. 203, n. 69. Oppenheimer's colleague Abrahaim Pais wrote that "I was convinced that strong latent homosexuality was an important ingredient in Robert's emotional makeup." (Abraham Pais, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XrYrAAAAYAAJ A tale of two continents: a physicist's life in a turbulent world]'' [Oxford University Press, 1997] ISBN 0198501994, p. 241) One biographer comments, "it seems fairly likely that sexual ambivalence was one aspect of Oppenheimer's youthful problems of identity." Charles Thorpe, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BWek8zJ-U7IC Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0226798453, p. 51</ref> but in 1936 he began an affair with Jean Tatlock, a medical student at Stanford<ref>Ted Morgan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ijWhgff9XEC Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America]'' (Random House, Inc., 2004) ISBN 081297302X, p. 236</ref> and daughter of Oppenheimer's fellow Berkeley professor John S.P. Tatlock,<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 109</ref> a contributor to ''[[Nation (magazine)|The Nation]]''.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/john-s-p-tatlock Author Bios: John S.P. Tatlock, thenation.com]</ref> Then, In 1939, Oppenheimer began an affair with [http://foia.fbi.gov/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Katherine "Kitty" Puening Dallet Harrison]. After moving in with Oppenheimer and becoming pregnant,<ref>David Cassidy, ''J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century'' (Pi Press: 2004) ISBN 0-13-147996-2, pp. 186-187</ref> Kitty abandoned her third husband,<ref>Richard Rhodes, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/books/review/15RHODESL.html Nuclear Options]," ''The New York Times'', May 15, 2005</ref> a cancer researcher at Caltech,<ref>[[#refSW95|Smith, Weiner 1995]]: 214</ref> to marry Oppenheimer in 1940, though he continued his affair with Tatlock until at least June 1943. During [[World War II]], while married to Kitty, Oppenheimer began an affair with another married woman, Ruth Tolman, the wife of Caltech physicist Richard Tolman, whom Oppenheimer testified was "a very close and dear friend of mine."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 363</ref> The affair "devastated Richard Tolman,"<ref>C. Mott Woolley, "[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE10Aa02.html The tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer]," ''Asia Times'', May 10, 2006</ref> who died, according to [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence.html Nobel Prize-winning] physicist Ernest Lawrence, "of a broken heart."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 365</ref> Kitty took to drinking.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 407-409</ref>

Oppenheimer had a history of pro-Communist associations, starting at Caltech with Pauling, a "long-serving [[USSR|Soviet]] tool."<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=23794 Communists and Islamic Extremists - Then and Now]," FrontPageMagazine.com, July 8, 2002. A 1951 investigation by HUAC, then chaired by Democrat John Stephens Wood, concluded that Pauling was "primarily engrossed in placing his scientific attainments at the service of a host of organizations which have in common their complete subservience to the Communist Party, USA, and the Soviet Union. Professor Pauling has not deviated a hair's breadth from this pattern of loyalty to the Communist cause since 1946." (House Committee on Un-American Activities, ''[http://ia700404.us.archive.org/14/items/reportoncommunis00unit/reportoncommunis00unit_bw.pdf Report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, the Attempt to Disarm and Defeat America]'' [Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951], p. 86) In 1970, the Soviet government would reward Pauling for his long service [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/1970n.13.html with the Lenin prize].</ref> Later, at Berkeley, Oppenheimer's mistress Tatlock was a [[Communist]],<ref>[[#refPK06|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 36</ref> as was his wife Kitty,<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 122. Cf. [[#refHB2000|Romerstein, Breindel 2000]]: 270</ref> [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/alba_032/bioghist.html widow of Communist political commissar Joe Dallet], killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Hoover to Lansdale], May 23, 1944 (FBI file: Katherine Oppenheimer, PDF p. 2)</ref> (perhaps by his Soviet superiors, or fragged by his own men, according to various rumors).<ref>William Herrick, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vKWZ9Vo69GwC Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical]'' (AK Press, 2001) ISBN 1902593421, p. 237</ref> In January 1944, Tatlock would be found drowned in her bathtub, in circumstances termed "suspicious."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 232, 253.</ref> Some writers suspect Soviet involvement in Tatlock's death. Stephen Schwartz mentions "Khyron"—the Cyrillic transliteration of Chyron, ferryman of the dead in ancient Greek mythology<ref>Stephen Schwartz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvoUAAAAYAAJ From West To East: California and the Making of the American Mind]'' (Free Press, 1998) ISBN 0684831341, p. 380. Cf. Cornell Simpson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/death-James-Forrestal-Cornell-Simpson/dp/B0006BOU86 The Death of James Forrestal]'' (Western Islands, 1966) ASIN B0006BOU86)</ref>—which was also [[Grigory Kheifets|Kheifets]]' [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-San%20Francisco-KGB.pdf code name].

Oppenheimer had a history of pro-Communist associations, starting at Caltech with Pauling, a "long-serving [[USSR|Soviet]] tool."<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=23794 Communists and Islamic Extremists - Then and Now]," FrontPageMagazine.com, July 8, 2002. A 1951 investigation by HUAC, then chaired by Democrat John Stephens Wood, concluded that Pauling was "primarily engrossed in placing his scientific attainments at the service of a host of organizations which have in common their complete subservience to the Communist Party, USA, and the Soviet Union. Professor Pauling has not deviated a hair's breadth from this pattern of loyalty to the Communist cause since 1946." (House Committee on Un-American Activities, ''[http://ia700404.us.archive.org/14/items/reportoncommunis00unit/reportoncommunis00unit_bw.pdf Report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, the Attempt to Disarm and Defeat America]'' [Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951], p. 86) In 1970, the Soviet government would reward Pauling for his long service [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/1970n.13.html with the Lenin prize].</ref> Later, at Berkeley, Oppenheimer's mistress Tatlock was a [[Communist]],<ref>[[#refPK06|Pais, Crease 2006]]: 36</ref> as was his wife Kitty,<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 122. Cf. [[#refHB2000|Romerstein, Breindel 2000]]: 270</ref> [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/alba_032/bioghist.html widow of Communist political commissar Joe Dallet], killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/oppenheimer_katherine/oppenheimer_katherine_part01.pdf Hoover to Lansdale], May 23, 1944 (FBI file: Katherine Oppenheimer, PDF p. 2)</ref> (perhaps by his Soviet superiors, or fragged by his own men, according to various rumors).<ref>William Herrick, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vKWZ9Vo69GwC Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical]'' (AK Press, 2001) ISBN 1902593421, p. 237</ref> In January 1944, Tatlock would be found drowned in her bathtub, in circumstances termed "suspicious."<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 232, 253.</ref> Some writers suspect Soviet involvement in Tatlock's death. Stephen Schwartz mentions "Khyron"—the Cyrillic transliteration of Chyron, ferryman of the dead in ancient Greek mythology<ref>Stephen Schwartz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PvoUAAAAYAAJ From West To East: California and the Making of the American Mind]'' (Free Press, 1998) ISBN 0684831341, p. 380. Cf. Cornell Simpson, ''[https://www.amazon.com/death-James-Forrestal-Cornell-Simpson/dp/B0006BOU86 The Death of James Forrestal]'' (Western Islands, 1966) ASIN B0006BOU86)</ref>—which was also [[Grigory Kheifets|Kheifets]]' [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Venona-San%20Francisco-KGB.pdf code name].

Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>

Oppenheimer’s brother Frank, and Frank’s wife Jackie, were also active members of the [[Communist Party]],<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800436,00.html The Brothers],” ''Time'', June 27, 1949</ref> as was even Oppenheimer's landlady; in addition, several of Oppenheimer’s closest friends and protégés among his graduate students at Berkeley, including [[Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz]], Joe Weinberg, David Bohm, Philip Morrison and Bernard Peters were Communist Party members.<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes, Klehr 2006]]: 147</ref>

During the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] (August 1939-June 1941), the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] expanded its surveillance of suspected Nazis to include [[Communist Party]] leaders.<ref>As soon as Roosevelt was inaugurated in March 1933, FDR's Secretary of State Cordell Hull told the FBI to investigate German Nazi groups [http://web.archive.org/web/20031128111253/http://www.uvm.edu/~apreston/Taken_Into_Custody.html in the United States]; the following year Roosevelt ordered the Bureau to investigate "the activity of the Nazi movement [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0200a.htm in this country]."  During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], when the [[Soviet Union]] was a [[Nazi]] ally in the invasion of Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania (and Nazi collaborator in the conquest of France and [[Battle of Britain]]), this investigation was expanded to include the [[CPUSA]]. Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mcHJCCUcm-oC The Secret World of American Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 1995) ISBN 0300061838, p. 11</ref> In 1940, William Schneiderman, the California state chairman of the Communist Party, met with [[Isaac Folkoff]],<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> West Coast liaison between the Communist Party and [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]],<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 357</ref> at the home of then-secret (later confessed) Communist<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress)</ref> [[Haakon Chevalier]]. Also present at this meeting, according to FBI surveillance, was J. Robert Oppenheimer.<ref>FBI Report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, March 28, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 228 (PDF 237)</ref> The following year, Oppenheimer was added to [[President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Custodial Detention Index,<ref>On September 6, 1939, in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|FDR]] directed the FBI "to take charge of investigative work in matters relating to espionage..." (Frank J. Rafalko, ed., ''[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/ A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium]'' (Office of National Counterintelligence Executive), [http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol1/Vol1Chap4.pdf Vol. 1, Ch. 4], p. 177) Three days later, FDR created the Emergency Detention Program (EDP), giving the Justice Department the power to “arrest and detain those persons deemed dangerous in the event of war, invasion, or insurrection in and of a foreign enemy.” (Athan Theoharis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hguHAAAAMAAJ Spying on Americans: political surveillance from Hoover to the Huston plan]'' [Temple University Press, 1978] ISBN 0877221413, p. 40) (The EDP would provide the basis for Roosevelt's wartime internment of Japanese, Germans and Italians in the United States during World War II.) That month, in a reference to the [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html Red Scare] of 1919, Attorney General Cullen Murphy stated, “There will be no repetition of the confusion and laxity and indifference of [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0206a.htm  twenty years ago].” The CDI originated the following year in the Justice Department's [http://www.gaic.info/lps/LP%201%20Overview.pdf Special Defense Unit] (previously known as the Neutrality Laws Unit), later renamed the [http://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-60.html War Division]. During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the list was expanded to include Communists.</ref> listed as “Nationalistic Tendency: Communist.”<ref>Custodial Detention Memorandum, May 27, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated)</ref>

During the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] (August 1939-June 1941), the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] expanded its surveillance of suspected Nazis to include [[Communist Party]] leaders.<ref>As soon as Roosevelt was inaugurated in March 1933, FDR's Secretary of State Cordell Hull told the FBI to investigate German Nazi groups [https://web.archive.org/web/20031128111253/http://www.uvm.edu/~apreston/Taken_Into_Custody.html in the United States]; the following year Roosevelt ordered the Bureau to investigate "the activity of the Nazi movement [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0200a.htm in this country]."  During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], when the [[Soviet Union]] was a [[Nazi]] ally in the invasion of Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania (and Nazi collaborator in the conquest of France and [[Battle of Britain]]), this investigation was expanded to include the [[CPUSA]]. Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mcHJCCUcm-oC The Secret World of American Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 1995) ISBN 0300061838, p. 11</ref> In 1940, William Schneiderman, the California state chairman of the Communist Party, met with [[Isaac Folkoff]],<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> West Coast liaison between the Communist Party and [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]],<ref>[[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 357</ref> at the home of then-secret (later confessed) Communist<ref>[http://www.brotherhoodofthebomb.com/bhbsource/document1.html Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964] (Robert Oppenheimer papers, Library of Congress)</ref> [[Haakon Chevalier]]. Also present at this meeting, according to FBI surveillance, was J. Robert Oppenheimer.<ref>FBI Report: J. Robert Oppenheimer, March 28, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated). Cf. [[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 228 (PDF 237)</ref> The following year, Oppenheimer was added to [[President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Custodial Detention Index,<ref>On September 6, 1939, in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]], [[Franklin Roosevelt|FDR]] directed the FBI "to take charge of investigative work in matters relating to espionage..." (Frank J. Rafalko, ed., ''[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/ A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium]'' (Office of National Counterintelligence Executive), [http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol1/Vol1Chap4.pdf Vol. 1, Ch. 4], p. 177) Three days later, FDR created the Emergency Detention Program (EDP), giving the Justice Department the power to “arrest and detain those persons deemed dangerous in the event of war, invasion, or insurrection in and of a foreign enemy.” (Athan Theoharis, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hguHAAAAMAAJ Spying on Americans: political surveillance from Hoover to the Huston plan]'' [Temple University Press, 1978] ISBN 0877221413, p. 40) (The EDP would provide the basis for Roosevelt's wartime internment of Japanese, Germans and Italians in the United States during World War II.) That month, in a reference to the [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html Red Scare] of 1919, Attorney General Cullen Murphy stated, “There will be no repetition of the confusion and laxity and indifference of [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/html/ChurchB3_0206a.htm  twenty years ago].” The CDI originated the following year in the Justice Department's [http://www.gaic.info/lps/LP%201%20Overview.pdf Special Defense Unit] (previously known as the Neutrality Laws Unit), later renamed the [https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-60.html War Division]. During the [[Hitler-Stalin pact]], the list was expanded to include Communists.</ref> listed as “Nationalistic Tendency: Communist.”<ref>Custodial Detention Memorandum, May 27, 1941, FBI file: J. Robert Oppenheimer, Internal Security - C, Sec. 1 (not paginated)</ref>

=== Communist front activity ===

=== Communist front activity ===

Upon his father's death in 1937, Oppenheimer inherited more than $300,000<ref>“[http://ohst.berkeley.edu/oppenheimer/exhibit/text/ch2page2.html Oppenheimer: A Life],” Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley</ref> (equivalent to more than $4.5 million today),<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> and began contributing approximately $150 a month<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> (equivalent to more than $2,000 a month today),<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> at first via [[Communist front]]s<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref> such as the Spanish Aid Committee<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> (aiding the [[Soviet]]-armed forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]]), then directly to [[Isaac Folkoff|Folkoff]] or Communist Party official Thomas Addis.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 123. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 352</ref>

Upon his father's death in 1937, Oppenheimer inherited more than $300,000<ref>“[http://ohst.berkeley.edu/oppenheimer/exhibit/text/ch2page2.html Oppenheimer: A Life],” Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley</ref> (equivalent to more than $4.5 million today),<ref>[https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> and began contributing approximately $150 a month<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 185 (PDF 195)</ref> (equivalent to more than $2,000 a month today),<ref>[https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], United States Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> at first via [[Communist front]]s<ref>Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report 1311 on the CIO Political Action Committee, March 29, 1944, pp. 82, 140, and 180; Attorney General Tom Clark, letter to Loyalty Review Board, released April 27, 1949; both cited in 85th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 226, [http://ia360641.us.archive.org/2/items/guidetosubversiv1957unit/guidetosubversiv1957unit_bw.pdf Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications] (Washington: US GPO, 1957), p. 69 (PDF p. 85)</ref> such as the Spanish Aid Committee<ref>[[#refCINRAD|CINRAD]]: 227 (PDF 236)</ref> (aiding the [[Soviet]]-armed forces in the [[Spanish Civil War]]), then directly to [[Isaac Folkoff|Folkoff]] or Communist Party official Thomas Addis.<ref>[[#refBird-Sherwin|Bird, Sherwin 2006]]: 123. Cf. [[#refHK99|Haynes, Klehr 1999]]: 352</ref>

When he joined the [[Manhattan Project]] in 1942,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Oppenheimer wrote on his personal security questionnaire that he had been "a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast."<ref>"Filling in a security questionnaire, Oppie had lately admitted that he had been 'a member of just about every Communist-front organization on the West Coast'..." Peter Wyden, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IlZ6AAAAIAAJ Day One: Before Hiroshima and After]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1984) ISBN 0671461427, p. 49. Cf. "As Oppenheimer was to write on a 1942 security questionnaire... : '...I have been a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast.'" Rachel Teukolsky, "[http://sciencereview.berkeley.edu/articles/issue1/scientistx.pdf Regarding Scientist X]," ''Berkeley Science Review,'' Issue 1 (Spring 2001), p. 17; "When he joined the atomic bomb project he admitted in his security questionnaire that he had been 'a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast.'" [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX65.html J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904 - 1967)], "Race for the Superbomb," ''American Experience'', PBS</ref> In September 1943, he repeated to Gen. Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Project, that he had "probably belonged to every Communist-front organization on the west coast."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 159 (PDF 169). Cf. Philip M. Stern with Harold P. Green, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i_tBAAAAIAAJ The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial]'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) ISBN 0246640359, p. 15</ref> Later that month, Lt. Col. John Lansdale, Jr., head of Security and Intelligence for the Manhattan Project, interviewed Oppenheimer, stating: "You've probably belonged to every front organization on the coast"; Oppenheimer reiterated: "Just about."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

When he joined the [[Manhattan Project]] in 1942,<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Oppenheimer wrote on his personal security questionnaire that he had been "a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast."<ref>"Filling in a security questionnaire, Oppie had lately admitted that he had been 'a member of just about every Communist-front organization on the West Coast'..." Peter Wyden, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IlZ6AAAAIAAJ Day One: Before Hiroshima and After]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1984) ISBN 0671461427, p. 49. Cf. "As Oppenheimer was to write on a 1942 security questionnaire... : '...I have been a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast.'" Rachel Teukolsky, "[http://sciencereview.berkeley.edu/articles/issue1/scientistx.pdf Regarding Scientist X]," ''Berkeley Science Review,'' Issue 1 (Spring 2001), p. 17; "When he joined the atomic bomb project he admitted in his security questionnaire that he had been 'a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast.'" [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX65.html J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904 - 1967)], "Race for the Superbomb," ''American Experience'', PBS</ref> In September 1943, he repeated to Gen. Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Project, that he had "probably belonged to every Communist-front organization on the west coast."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 159 (PDF 169). Cf. Philip M. Stern with Harold P. Green, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i_tBAAAAIAAJ The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial]'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) ISBN 0246640359, p. 15</ref> Later that month, Lt. Col. John Lansdale, Jr., head of Security and Intelligence for the Manhattan Project, interviewed Oppenheimer, stating: "You've probably belonged to every front organization on the coast"; Oppenheimer reiterated: "Just about."<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

More than a decade later, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was considering whether to renew his security clearance, Oppenheimer would change his story, writing that he did not remember saying this, that it was not true, and that if he had said anything along those lines, it was “a half-jocular overstatement.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Yet less than four months after writing this, when the AEC got Oppenheimer on the witness stand, he would again change his story: Asked, “If you said that to Colonel Lansdale, were you jocular?” Oppenheimer would admit under oath, “I don’t think I could have been jocular during this interview.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

More than a decade later, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was considering whether to renew his security clearance, Oppenheimer would change his story, writing that he did not remember saying this, that it was not true, and that if he had said anything along those lines, it was “a half-jocular overstatement.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 9 (PDF 19)</ref> Yet less than four months after writing this, when the AEC got Oppenheimer on the witness stand, he would again change his story: Asked, “If you said that to Colonel Lansdale, were you jocular?” Oppenheimer would admit under oath, “I don’t think I could have been jocular during this interview.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearing]]: 204 (PDF 214)</ref>

Yet, ten days later, Oppenheimer told the AEC that among GAC members there was “a surprising unanimity&mdash;to me very surprising&mdash;that the United States ought not to take the initiative... in an all out program for the development of thermonuclear weapons.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 77 (PDF 87)</ref> He claimed that didn't know how Seaborg felt about it, as he “was in Sweden, and there was no communication with him.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 233 (PDF 243)</ref> Oppenheimer later confessed that he had received Seaborg's letter before he made these claims, yet he repeated them three months later, before the JCAE.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 239 (PDF 249)</ref>

Yet, ten days later, Oppenheimer told the AEC that among GAC members there was “a surprising unanimity&mdash;to me very surprising&mdash;that the United States ought not to take the initiative... in an all out program for the development of thermonuclear weapons.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 77 (PDF 87)</ref> He claimed that didn't know how Seaborg felt about it, as he “was in Sweden, and there was no communication with him.”<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 233 (PDF 243)</ref> Oppenheimer later confessed that he had received Seaborg's letter before he made these claims, yet he repeated them three months later, before the JCAE.<ref>[[#refAECH|AEC Hearings]]: 239 (PDF 249)</ref>

When nuclear physicist [[Edward Teller]], a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Jewish]] refugee from [[Nazi Germany]]<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/obituaries/10TELL.html Edward Teller Is Dead at 95; Fierce Architect of H-Bomb,]" ''The New York Times'', September 10, 2003</ref> known as the "father of the H-bomb,"<ref>Francie Grace, "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/10/tech/main572437.shtml 'Father Of The H-Bomb' Dies At 95]," CBS News, September 10, 2003</ref> had sought Oppenheimer's support to build an H-bomb at Los Alamos in 1945, Oppenheimer had refused. Now, argued Teller, the need for an H-bomb had become urgent. Oppenheimer disagreed, signing his name to an official statement that "a super bomb should never be produced."<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 401</ref> With Fermi and others, he lobbied Henry Wallace to stop H-bomb development; Wallace complied, issuing a statement that “we should prefer defeat in war to victory obtained at the expense of the enormous human disaster that would be caused by its determined use.”<ref>Andrew Jon Rotter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4_KOtRIZEDMC Hiroshima: the world's bomb]'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) ISBN 0192804375, p. 256</ref> As Teller would later testify:

When nuclear physicist [[Edward Teller]], a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Jewish]] refugee from [[Nazi Germany]]<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/obituaries/10TELL.html Edward Teller Is Dead at 95; Fierce Architect of H-Bomb,]" ''The New York Times'', September 10, 2003</ref> known as the "father of the H-bomb,"<ref>Francie Grace, "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/10/tech/main572437.shtml 'Father Of The H-Bomb' Dies At 95]," CBS News, September 10, 2003</ref> had sought Oppenheimer's support to build an H-bomb at Los Alamos in 1945, Oppenheimer had refused. Now, argued Teller, the need for an H-bomb had become urgent. Oppenheimer disagreed, signing his name to an official statement that "a super bomb should never be produced."<ref>[[#refRhodes96|Rhodes 1996]]: 401</ref> With Fermi and others, he lobbied Henry Wallace to stop H-bomb development; Wallace complied, issuing a statement that “we should prefer defeat in war to victory obtained at the expense of the enormous human disaster that would be caused by its determined use.”<ref>Andrew Jon Rotter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4_KOtRIZEDMC Hiroshima: the world's bomb]'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) ISBN 0192804375, p. 256</ref> As Teller would later testify:

{{cquote|In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act... in a way which for me was exceedingly hard to understand. I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. To this extent I feel that I would like to see the vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more... If it is a question of wisdom and judgment, as demonstrated by actions since 1945, then I would say one would be wiser [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/reference/primary/tellertestimony.html not to grant clearance].<ref>Although he made no accusations, Teller's testimony against Oppenheimer made him [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/september24/tellerobit-924.html a pariah]. The left accused him of smearing an innocent man and [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/tel0bio-1 blamed him] for ending Oppenheimer's career. The hearing transcript contradicts that conclusion, but to some, Teller’s anticommunist views alone [http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/edward-teller-rip were enough] to justify bitter feelings against him. Many [http://whyfiles.org/186ed_teller/4.html never forgave] him.</ref>}}

{{cquote|In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act... in a way which for me was exceedingly hard to understand. I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. To this extent I feel that I would like to see the vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more... If it is a question of wisdom and judgment, as demonstrated by actions since 1945, then I would say one would be wiser [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/reference/primary/tellertestimony.html not to grant clearance].<ref>Although he made no accusations, Teller's testimony against Oppenheimer made him [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/september24/tellerobit-924.html a pariah]. The left accused him of smearing an innocent man and [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/tel0bio-1 blamed him] for ending Oppenheimer's career. The hearing transcript contradicts that conclusion, but to some, Teller’s anticommunist views alone [http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/edward-teller-rip were enough] to justify bitter feelings against him. Many [http://whyfiles.org/186ed_teller/4.html never forgave] him.</ref>}}

Although he made no accusations, his testimony regarding Oppenheimer made Teller [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/september24/tellerobit-924.html a pariah]. The left accused him of smearing an innocent man and [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/tel0bio-1 blamed him] for ending Oppenheimer's career. The hearing transcript contradicts that conclusion, but to some, Teller’s anticommunist views alone [http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/edward-teller-rip were enough] to justify bitter feelings against him. Many [http://whyfiles.org/186ed_teller/4.html never forgave] him.

Although he made no accusations, his testimony regarding Oppenheimer made Teller [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/september24/tellerobit-924.html a pariah]. The left accused him of smearing an innocent man and [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/tel0bio-1 blamed him] for ending Oppenheimer's career. The hearing transcript contradicts that conclusion, but to some, Teller’s anticommunist views alone [http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/edward-teller-rip were enough] to justify bitter feelings against him. Many [http://whyfiles.org/186ed_teller/4.html never forgave] him.

  | Date      = 2001-01-14

  | Date      = 2001-01-14

  | Title      = Theory of Fielding - Set O - Oppenheimer

  | Title      = Theory of Fielding - Set O - Oppenheimer

  | Publisher  = HB Laes (Self published) }} Reproduced [http://web.archive.org/web/20050204173143/http://www.tof.blogspot.com/#SO here].  Retrieved on 05-18-2007

  | Publisher  = HB Laes (Self published) }} Reproduced [https://web.archive.org/web/20050204173143/http://www.tof.blogspot.com/#SO here].  Retrieved on 05-18-2007

*<cite id=refHB2000>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington: Regnery, 2000) ISBN 0895262754</cite>

*<cite id=refHB2000>Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington: Regnery, 2000) ISBN 0895262754</cite>