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In 1859, Brown led 21 men in an attack on a federal arsenal in [[Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]] (note: Harper's Ferry is now part of [[West Virginia]]), intending to arm slaves in [[slave revolt]]s. The raid failed, and Brown was hanged on December 2.

In 1859, Brown led 21 men in an attack on a federal arsenal in [[Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]] (note: Harper's Ferry is now part of [[West Virginia]]), intending to arm slaves in [[slave revolt]]s. The raid failed, and Brown was hanged on December 2.

[[Henry David Thoreau]] said of Brown: "No man in America has ever stood up so persistently and effectively for the dignity of human nature." <ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html</ref>

[[Henry David Thoreau]] said of Brown: "No man in America has ever stood up so persistently and effectively for the dignity of human nature." <ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html</ref>

"Tragic Prelude", a famous mural by John Steuart Curry depicting Brown holding a rifle in one hand and a Bible in the other, is prominently displayed in the Kansas State Capitol in [[Topeka]].<ref>http://www.governor.ks.gov/Facts/kscapitol_johnbrown.htm</ref>

"Tragic Prelude", a famous mural by John Steuart Curry depicting Brown holding a rifle in one hand and a Bible in the other, is prominently displayed in the Kansas State Capitol in [[Topeka]].<ref>http://www.governor.ks.gov/Facts/kscapitol_johnbrown.htm</ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Etcheson, Nicole. "John Brown, Terrorist?" ''American Nineteenth Century History,'' Volume 10, Issue 1 March 2009 , pp 29–48, answers "no"

* Etcheson, Nicole. "John Brown, Terrorist?" ''American Nineteenth Century History,'' Volume 10, Issue 1 March 2009 , pp 29–48, answers "no"

* Etcheson, Nicole. ''Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Bleeding-Kansas-Contested-Liberty-Civil/dp/0700614923/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237276343&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Etcheson, Nicole. ''Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Bleeding-Kansas-Contested-Liberty-Civil/dp/0700614923/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237276343&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859-1861'' (1950), vol 4 of ''The Ordeal of the Union'', outstanding narrative, esp ch 3 pp 70–97  

* Nevins, Allan. ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859-1861'' (1950), vol 4 of ''The Ordeal of the Union'', outstanding narrative, esp ch 3 pp 70–97  

* Peterson, Merrill D. ''John Brown: The Legend Revisited.'' (2002). 196 pp.

* Peterson, Merrill D. ''John Brown: The Legend Revisited.'' (2002). 196 pp.