Changes

In 1953, Mandela created the M-plan (named after him) - a contingency plan in case the ANC - like the Communist Party - was declared illegal. The M-plan detailed how the party could run underground, communicating with members without resorting to public meetings.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> Throughout the fifties Mandela would be consistently banned, arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> In 1960 - the more radical Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC; their tactics- though still peaceful - were more aggressive and were met with violence.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/> On March 21, 1961 police killed 69 peaceful protestors in what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre; after this massacre both parties were banned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="NYT obituary"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

In 1953, Mandela created the M-plan (named after him) - a contingency plan in case the ANC - like the Communist Party - was declared illegal. The M-plan detailed how the party could run underground, communicating with members without resorting to public meetings.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> Throughout the fifties Mandela would be consistently banned, arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> In 1960 - the more radical Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC; their tactics- though still peaceful - were more aggressive and were met with violence.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/> On March 21, 1961 police killed 69 peaceful protestors in what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre; after this massacre both parties were banned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="NYT obituary"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

He also had been a Communist, and even went as far as to give a speech on how to be a good communist.<ref name="web.archive.org">http://web.archive.org/web/20041204063644/http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/goodcom.html</ref> In addition, he also was a senior member of the South African Communist Party by his arrest in 1962.<ref>http://newobserveronline.com/mandela-lied-to-world-south-african-communist-party-admits-he-was-senior-central-committee-member/</ref> In 1990 at Johannesburg, he was also photographed with his then-wife Winnie (who was infamous for her method of execution known as necklacing, which involved putting a tire to a person's neck filled with gasoline and setting them on fire) as well as Stalinist member Joe Slovo during a South African Communist Party rally with the Soviet Star and Hammer and Sickle logos prominently displayed on a red background.<ref>https://timeonhands.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/soviet-support-for-nelson-mandela.jpg</ref>

He also had been a Communist, and even went as far as to give a speech on how to be a good communist.<ref name="web.archive.org">https://web.archive.org/web/20041204063644/http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/goodcom.html</ref> In addition, he also was a senior member of the South African Communist Party by his arrest in 1962.<ref>http://newobserveronline.com/mandela-lied-to-world-south-african-communist-party-admits-he-was-senior-central-committee-member/</ref> In 1990 at Johannesburg, he was also photographed with his then-wife Winnie (who was infamous for her method of execution known as necklacing, which involved putting a tire to a person's neck filled with gasoline and setting them on fire) as well as Stalinist member Joe Slovo during a South African Communist Party rally with the Soviet Star and Hammer and Sickle logos prominently displayed on a red background.<ref>https://timeonhands.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/soviet-support-for-nelson-mandela.jpg</ref>

===Militarist leader===

===Militarist leader===

===Health problems and death===

===Health problems and death===

Mandela suffered from a lung infection. From December 2012 to April 2013 he remained in a hospital. He had a procedure to remove a [[gallstone]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/31/south-africa-mandela-remains-in-hospital/|title=Mandela remains hospitalized for lung infection, spokesman says|language=English|date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> On April 6, 2013 he left the hospital,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/06/nelson-mandela-discharged-from-hospital-south-africa-says/|title=Nelson Mandela discharged from the hospital, South Africa says|language=English|publisher=Fox News|work=Associated Press|date=April 6, 2013}}</ref> but returned again in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/06/08/south-africa-mandela-taken-to-hospital/|work=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|title=Nelson Mandela remains in hospital with recurring lung infection|language=English|date=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Mandela was  in a critical condition for a long time.<ref>{{cite web|work=Associated Press|publisher=TownHall|url=http://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2013/06/23/south-africa-mandela-in-critical-condition-n1625432|language=English|title=South Africa: Nelson Mandela in critical condition}}</ref>  

Mandela suffered from a lung infection. From December 2012 to April 2013 he remained in a hospital. He had a procedure to remove a [[gallstone]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/31/south-africa-mandela-remains-in-hospital/|title=Mandela remains hospitalized for lung infection, spokesman says|language=English|date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> On April 6, 2013 he left the hospital,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/06/nelson-mandela-discharged-from-hospital-south-africa-says/|title=Nelson Mandela discharged from the hospital, South Africa says|language=English|publisher=Fox News|work=Associated Press|date=April 6, 2013}}</ref> but returned again in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/06/08/south-africa-mandela-taken-to-hospital/|work=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|title=Nelson Mandela remains in hospital with recurring lung infection|language=English|date=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Mandela was  in a critical condition for a long time.<ref>{{cite web|work=Associated Press|publisher=TownHall|url=https://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2013/06/23/south-africa-mandela-in-critical-condition-n1625432|language=English|title=South Africa: Nelson Mandela in critical condition}}</ref>  

On July 4, 2013, it was revealed that court documents indicated that Nelson Mandela was on life support and was being kept alive by a breathing machine and faced "impending death"; he was kept in the hospital from June 8, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/04/nelson-mandela-africa-apartheid/2489137/|work=Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|author=Straziuso, Jason|date=July 4, 2013|title=Nelson Mandela on life support, court documents show}}</ref> to December 5th, 2013, when he died.

On July 4, 2013, it was revealed that court documents indicated that Nelson Mandela was on life support and was being kept alive by a breathing machine and faced "impending death"; he was kept in the hospital from June 8, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/04/nelson-mandela-africa-apartheid/2489137/|work=Associated Press|publisher=USA Today|author=Straziuso, Jason|date=July 4, 2013|title=Nelson Mandela on life support, court documents show}}</ref> to December 5th, 2013, when he died.