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HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu → https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu, http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (8)
On the other hand, [[John Adams]] regarded Cromwell as a great hero of liberty whose principles found their culmination in the American Founding. At Worcester, the site of a famous battle during the English Civil War, Adams remarked that all England should travel to the site in order to pay honor to Cromwell. "And do Englishmen so soon forget the ground where liberty was fought for? Tell your neighbors and your children that this is holy ground… All England should come in pilgrimage to this hill once a year."<ref>John Adams, by David McCullough, p 359; Simon & Schuster, 2001</ref> On the other hand, [[Alexander Hamilton]] denounced the Lord Protector in ''Federalist'' No. 21, even comparing him to Julius Caesar. Hamilton, discussing the despotism of certain states in the Union, asked: "Who can determine what might have been the issue of her late convulsions, if the malcontents had been headed by a Caesar or by a Cromwell?"<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed21.asp</ref>
On the other hand, [[John Adams]] regarded Cromwell as a great hero of liberty whose principles found their culmination in the American Founding. At Worcester, the site of a famous battle during the English Civil War, Adams remarked that all England should travel to the site in order to pay honor to Cromwell. "And do Englishmen so soon forget the ground where liberty was fought for? Tell your neighbors and your children that this is holy ground… All England should come in pilgrimage to this hill once a year."<ref>John Adams, by David McCullough, p 359; Simon & Schuster, 2001</ref> On the other hand, [[Alexander Hamilton]] denounced the Lord Protector in ''Federalist'' No. 21, even comparing him to Julius Caesar. Hamilton, discussing the despotism of certain states in the Union, asked: "Who can determine what might have been the issue of her late convulsions, if the malcontents had been headed by a Caesar or by a Cromwell?"<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed21.asp</ref>
The conservative President [[Calvin Coolidge]] spoke very highly of Cromwell and regarded him as a pivotal figure in the triumph of English liberty over despotic monarchy. In his ''Autobiography'', the thirtieth president recounts his education of English history under Professor Morse at Amherst College: “We saw the British Empire rise until it ruled the seas. The brilliance of the statesmanship of the different periods, the rugged character of the patriotic leaders, of Anselm, and Simon de Montfort, of Cromwell and the Puritans, who dared to oppose the tyranny of the kings, the growth of learning, the development of commerce, the administration of justice – all these and more were presented for our consideration."<ref>The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge, pg. 49 (digital eBook)</ref> Coolidge also compared Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia favorably to Cromwell's New Model Army, saying that "except for the forces of Oliver Cromwell, no army was ever more thoroughly religious than that which followed General Lee."<ref>http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=24187</ref>
The conservative President [[Calvin Coolidge]] spoke very highly of Cromwell and regarded him as a pivotal figure in the triumph of English liberty over despotic monarchy. In his ''Autobiography'', the thirtieth president recounts his education of English history under Professor Morse at Amherst College: “We saw the British Empire rise until it ruled the seas. The brilliance of the statesmanship of the different periods, the rugged character of the patriotic leaders, of Anselm, and Simon de Montfort, of Cromwell and the Puritans, who dared to oppose the tyranny of the kings, the growth of learning, the development of commerce, the administration of justice – all these and more were presented for our consideration."<ref>The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge, pg. 49 (digital eBook)</ref> Coolidge also compared Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia favorably to Cromwell's New Model Army, saying that "except for the forces of Oliver Cromwell, no army was ever more thoroughly religious than that which followed General Lee."<ref>https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=24187</ref>
In the early 18th century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the [[Whig Party|Whigs]], an out-party opposing the Tories around the Hanoverian kings. They stressed Cromwell as [[Republicanism|republican]], a theme often adopted by American historians.<ref>Blair Worden, ''Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity'' (2001). pp. 53–59.</ref>
In the early 18th century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the [[Whig Party|Whigs]], an out-party opposing the Tories around the Hanoverian kings. They stressed Cromwell as [[Republicanism|republican]], a theme often adopted by American historians.<ref>Blair Worden, ''Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity'' (2001). pp. 53–59.</ref>
===Biographies===
===Biographies===
* Ashley, Maurice. ''The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell'' (1958). 382pp, a standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3806780 online edition]
* Ashley, Maurice. ''The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell'' (1958). 382pp, a standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3806780 online edition]
* Bennett, Martyn. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2006), ISBN 0-415-31922-6. [http://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-Routledge-Historical-Biographies/dp/0415319226/ref=sr_1_22?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181942&sr=1-22 excerpt and text search]
* Bennett, Martyn. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2006), ISBN 0-415-31922-6. [https://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-Routledge-Historical-Biographies/dp/0415319226/ref=sr_1_22?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181942&sr=1-22 excerpt and text search]
* Coward, Barry ''Cromwell'' (1991), a standard scholarly biography
* Coward, Barry ''Cromwell'' (1991), a standard scholarly biography
* Clifford, Alan. ''Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate'' (1999), ISBN 0-9526716-2-X. praises his religiousity
* Clifford, Alan. ''Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate'' (1999), ISBN 0-9526716-2-X. praises his religiousity
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001), shows Cromwell's remarkable skill at building complex networks of supporters, including coreligionists, politicians and soldiers. ISBN 0-340-73118-4
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001), shows Cromwell's remarkable skill at building complex networks of supporters, including coreligionists, politicians and soldiers. ISBN 0-340-73118-4
* Drinkwater John. ''Oliver Cromwell, a Character Study'' (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=62DlZJaCaWkC&pg=PA173&dq=intitle:Cromwell+date:2006-2008&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=79z-gHLUUSA7Bpsg-3TCXGuMKQM excerpts and text search]
* Drinkwater John. ''Oliver Cromwell, a Character Study'' (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=62DlZJaCaWkC&pg=PA173&dq=intitle:Cromwell+date:2006-2008&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=79z-gHLUUSA7Bpsg-3TCXGuMKQM excerpts and text search]
* Fraser, Antonia. ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men,'' and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' (1973), ISBN 0-7538-1331-9. Popular narrative. [http://www.amazon.com/Cromwell-Antonia-Fraser/dp/0802137660/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181888&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Fraser, Antonia. ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men,'' and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' (1973), ISBN 0-7538-1331-9. Popular narrative. [https://www.amazon.com/Cromwell-Antonia-Fraser/dp/0802137660/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181888&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1901). ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 online edition]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1901). ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 online edition]
* Gaunt, Peter. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1994), 144pp ISBN 0-631-18356-6. Short biography by scholar
* Gaunt, Peter. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1994), 144pp ISBN 0-631-18356-6. Short biography by scholar
* Little, Patrick, ed. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate.'' (2007). 218 pp.
* Little, Patrick, ed. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate.'' (2007). 218 pp.
* Little, Patrick. "Offering the Crown to Cromwell." ''History Today'' 2007 57(2): 24-31. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Little, Patrick. "Offering the Crown to Cromwell." ''History Today'' 2007 57(2): 24-31. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Little, Patrick and David L. Smith, eds. ''Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Parliaments-Politics-Cromwellian-Protectorate-Cambridge/dp/0521838673/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300336&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Little, Patrick and David L. Smith, eds. ''Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Parliaments-Politics-Cromwellian-Protectorate-Cambridge/dp/0521838673/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300336&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Peacey, Jason. "Cromwellian England: a Propaganda State?" ''History'' 2006 91(2): 176-199. Issn: 0018-2648 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]], says that in 1653-1659, profound changes were implemented in intelligence gathering, press censorship, and propaganda and in the deployment of resources and bureaucratic efficiency. By concentrating power in the hands of the secretary of state, Cromwell's regime sought to exert its power in only some areas of print culture rather than to achieve a complete press monopoly.
* Peacey, Jason. "Cromwellian England: a Propaganda State?" ''History'' 2006 91(2): 176-199. Issn: 0018-2648 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]], says that in 1653-1659, profound changes were implemented in intelligence gathering, press censorship, and propaganda and in the deployment of resources and bureaucratic efficiency. By concentrating power in the hands of the secretary of state, Cromwell's regime sought to exert its power in only some areas of print culture rather than to achieve a complete press monopoly.
* Smith, David, ed. ''Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum'' (2003), ISBN 0-631-22725-3.
* Smith, David, ed. ''Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum'' (2003), ISBN 0-631-22725-3.
* Smith, David. ''Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution 1640-1658'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-Revolution-1640-1658-Cambridge/dp/0521388961/ref=sr_1_36?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181977&sr=1-36 excerpt and text search]
* Smith, David. ''Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution 1640-1658'' (1992) [https://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-Revolution-1640-1658-Cambridge/dp/0521388961/ref=sr_1_36?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181977&sr=1-36 excerpt and text search]
===Military studies===
===Military studies===
* Woolrych, Austin. "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (1990)
* Woolrych, Austin. "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (1990)
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates'' (1987), ISBN 0-19-822752-3.
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates'' (1987), ISBN 0-19-822752-3.
* Young, Peter and Richard Holmes. ''The English Civil War,'' (2000) ISBN 1-84022-222-0. [http://www.amazon.com/English-Civil-Wordsworth-Military-Library/dp/1840222220/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300220&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Young, Peter and Richard Holmes. ''The English Civil War,'' (2000) ISBN 1-84022-222-0. [https://www.amazon.com/English-Civil-Wordsworth-Military-Library/dp/1840222220/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300220&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
===Surveys of era===
===Surveys of era===
* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2002) ISBN 0-7190-4317-4.
* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate'' (2002) ISBN 0-7190-4317-4.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Companion-Britain-Blackwell-Companions-British/dp/0631218742/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300112&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain'' (2003) [https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Britain-Blackwell-Companions-British/dp/0631218742/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300112&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coward, Barry ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714,'' (2003). ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
* Coward, Barry ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714,'' (2003). ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey. ''The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660'' (1959). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 online]. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey. ''The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660'' (1959). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 online]. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Korr, Charles P. ''Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649-1658'' (1975) ISBN 0-520-02281-5. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98872257 online]
* Korr, Charles P. ''Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649-1658'' (1975) ISBN 0-520-02281-5. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98872257 online]
* Macinnes, Allan. ''The British Revolution, 1629-1660'' (2005), 337pp ISBN 0-333-59750-8.
* Macinnes, Allan. ''The British Revolution, 1629-1660'' (2005), 337pp ISBN 0-333-59750-8.
* Morrill, John. "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (1990) ISBN 0-582-01675-4. [http://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-English-Revolution-Morrill/dp/0582016754/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300435&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Morrill, John. "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (1990) ISBN 0-582-01675-4. [https://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-English-Revolution-Morrill/dp/0582016754/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300435&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Trevor-Roper, Hugh. ''Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments'', in his ''Religion, the Reformation and Social Change'' (1967). [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=719&chapter=77057&layout=html&Itemid=27 online edition]
* Trevor-Roper, Hugh. ''Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments'', in his ''Religion, the Reformation and Social Change'' (1967). [http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=719&chapter=77057&layout=html&Itemid=27 online edition]
* Venning, Timothy. ''Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' (1995) ISBN 0-333-63388-1.
* Venning, Timothy. ''Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' (1995) ISBN 0-333-63388-1.
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Commonwealth to Protectorate'' (1982), ISBN 0-19-822659-4.
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Commonwealth to Protectorate'' (1982), ISBN 0-19-822659-4.
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Britain in Revolution 1625-1660'' (2002), ISBN 0-19-927268-6. [http://www.amazon.com/Britain-Revolution-1625-1660-Austin-Woolrych/dp/0199272689/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300255&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Britain in Revolution 1625-1660'' (2002), ISBN 0-19-927268-6. [https://www.amazon.com/Britain-Revolution-1625-1660-Austin-Woolrych/dp/0199272689/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300255&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
===Historiography===
===Historiography===
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001). 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001). 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography