Block, SkipCaptcha, apieditor, Automoderated users, Bots, edit, ratelimit-exempt
58,396
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mLine 65:
Line 65: − + Line 78:
Line 78: − + Line 122:
Line 122: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − +
HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.pbs.org → https://www.pbs.org, http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (12)
In 1792-93 Jefferson and Madison created a new party they called the "Republican party" in order to promote their version of the doctrine and to indicate that Hamilton's version was illegitimate. According to [[Noah Webster]], the linguist who was also a Federalist editor, the choice of the name "Republican" was "a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party.... The influence of names on the mass of mankind, was never more distinctly exhibited, than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States. The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party, was more than a match for the popularity of [President George] Washington's character and services, and contributed to overthrow his administration."<ref>quoted in John C. Miller, ''Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox'' (1959) p. 320. Webster, like many Federalists, called the Jeffersonian Republicans "democrats" as a term of ridicule.</ref> Jefferson's party broke apart in the 1820s; one faction became the [[U.S. Democratic Party, history|Democratic Party]] led by [[Andrew Jackson]], the other became the [[Whig Party]]. The Whigs, led by [[Henry Clay]] chose a name derived from the Patriots of the 1770s who started the [[American Revolution]]. Both of these new parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism.
In 1792-93 Jefferson and Madison created a new party they called the "Republican party" in order to promote their version of the doctrine and to indicate that Hamilton's version was illegitimate. According to [[Noah Webster]], the linguist who was also a Federalist editor, the choice of the name "Republican" was "a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party.... The influence of names on the mass of mankind, was never more distinctly exhibited, than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States. The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party, was more than a match for the popularity of [President George] Washington's character and services, and contributed to overthrow his administration."<ref>quoted in John C. Miller, ''Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox'' (1959) p. 320. Webster, like many Federalists, called the Jeffersonian Republicans "democrats" as a term of ridicule.</ref> Jefferson's party broke apart in the 1820s; one faction became the [[U.S. Democratic Party, history|Democratic Party]] led by [[Andrew Jackson]], the other became the [[Whig Party]]. The Whigs, led by [[Henry Clay]] chose a name derived from the Patriots of the 1770s who started the [[American Revolution]]. Both of these new parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism.
As late as 1800 the word "democracy" was in ill repute and was mostly used to attack an opponent. Thus [[George Washington]] in 1798 complained, "that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country."<ref>{{cite web |title = George Washington to James McHenry, September 30, 1798 |url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw4&fileName=gwpage113.db&recNum=107 |accessdate = 2007-01-08}} [http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/collection/post_pres_1798sep30.html Transcript].</ref> The [[Federalist Papers]] are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous, because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority. Thus Madison argued in Federalist #10, a special interest may take control of a small area, but it could not easily take over a large nation. Thus the larger the nation the safer is republicanism.
As late as 1800 the word "democracy" was in ill repute and was mostly used to attack an opponent. Thus [[George Washington]] in 1798 complained, "that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country."<ref>{{cite web |title = George Washington to James McHenry, September 30, 1798 |url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw4&fileName=gwpage113.db&recNum=107 |accessdate = 2007-01-08}} [https://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/collection/post_pres_1798sep30.html Transcript].</ref> The [[Federalist Papers]] are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous, because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority. Thus Madison argued in Federalist #10, a special interest may take control of a small area, but it could not easily take over a large nation. Thus the larger the nation the safer is republicanism.
====Military Service====
====Military Service====
===Gilded Age===
===Gilded Age===
Krause (1992) argues the "Battle for Homestead" in Pittsburgh in 1892 represented a struggle between two competing, contradictory, and irreconcilable versions of American Republicanism. One was [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s belief in the inalienable right to [[private property]] and the right to accumulate capital and manage enterprise. Individual entrepreneurship was the republican way to wealth for the individual and for society as a whole. In opposition was the version personified by labour reformer Thomas 'Beeswax' Taylor, which saw in the ideology of republicanism the guarantee of the workers' right to dignity and security as a group. The strikers' republicanism viewed labor as the inalienable property of the individual worker, rejected the "law" of supply and demand and sought the group action by unions to assert the rights. They were not socialists and did not want government ownership, but they did want to control the work patterns on the factory floor regardless of the owner and his foremen. The unions were still thinking in terms of iron, when their expertise was decisive. In the age of steel the white collar engineer made the critical decisions, not blue collar workers. The union defeat in 1892 did not simply mark the end of the steelworkers' union's power, it more importantly destroyed the hopes of realizing the aims of radical republicanism. After 1900 [[Samuel Gompers]] and the [[AFL]] unions worked inside the owners' model of republicanism and sought higher wages, while the rejected republicanism vision was incorporated into the Socialism of [[Eugene Debs]], who argued the workers should have full control by nationalizing industry and having a labor party run the government.<ref>Paul Krause, ''The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.'' U. of Pittsburgh Pr., 1992. 548 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Battle-Homestead-1880-1892-Politics-Pittsburg/dp/0822954664/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191910902&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]</ref>
Krause (1992) argues the "Battle for Homestead" in Pittsburgh in 1892 represented a struggle between two competing, contradictory, and irreconcilable versions of American Republicanism. One was [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s belief in the inalienable right to [[private property]] and the right to accumulate capital and manage enterprise. Individual entrepreneurship was the republican way to wealth for the individual and for society as a whole. In opposition was the version personified by labour reformer Thomas 'Beeswax' Taylor, which saw in the ideology of republicanism the guarantee of the workers' right to dignity and security as a group. The strikers' republicanism viewed labor as the inalienable property of the individual worker, rejected the "law" of supply and demand and sought the group action by unions to assert the rights. They were not socialists and did not want government ownership, but they did want to control the work patterns on the factory floor regardless of the owner and his foremen. The unions were still thinking in terms of iron, when their expertise was decisive. In the age of steel the white collar engineer made the critical decisions, not blue collar workers. The union defeat in 1892 did not simply mark the end of the steelworkers' union's power, it more importantly destroyed the hopes of realizing the aims of radical republicanism. After 1900 [[Samuel Gompers]] and the [[AFL]] unions worked inside the owners' model of republicanism and sought higher wages, while the rejected republicanism vision was incorporated into the Socialism of [[Eugene Debs]], who argued the workers should have full control by nationalizing industry and having a labor party run the government.<ref>Paul Krause, ''The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.'' U. of Pittsburgh Pr., 1992. 548 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Homestead-1880-1892-Politics-Pittsburg/dp/0822954664/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191910902&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]</ref>
===Progressive Era===
===Progressive Era===
**James Oakes. "From Republicanism to Liberalism: Ideological Change and the Crisis of the Old South," pp. 551–571
**James Oakes. "From Republicanism to Liberalism: Ideological Change and the Crisis of the Old South," pp. 551–571
** John Patrick Diggins, "Republicanism and Progressivism," pp. 572–598
** John Patrick Diggins, "Republicanism and Progressivism," pp. 572–598
* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978) [http://www.amazon.com/Jeffersonian-Persuasion-Evolution-Party-Ideology/dp/0801492009/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195534565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978) [https://www.amazon.com/Jeffersonian-Persuasion-Evolution-Party-Ideology/dp/0801492009/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195534565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Banning, Lance. "Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic," ''The William and Mary Quarterly,'' 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 3–19 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(198601)3%3A43%3A1%3C3%3AJIRLAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 in JSTOR]
* Banning, Lance. "Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic," ''The William and Mary Quarterly,'' 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 3–19 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(198601)3%3A43%3A1%3C3%3AJIRLAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 in JSTOR]
*Becker, Peter, JÜrgen Heideking and James A. Henretta, eds. ''Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States, 1750-1850.'' Cambridge University Press. 2002. [http://www.amazon.com/Republicanism-Liberalism-1750-1850-Publications-Historical/dp/0521800668/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197947142&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Becker, Peter, JÜrgen Heideking and James A. Henretta, eds. ''Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States, 1750-1850.'' Cambridge University Press. 2002. [https://www.amazon.com/Republicanism-Liberalism-1750-1850-Publications-Historical/dp/0521800668/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197947142&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Brown, David. "Jeffersonian Ideology And The Second Party System" ''Historian'', Fall, 1999 v62#1 pp 17–44 [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=Gn0D52dvDqQyYrS2Gbm3L3YJr9LCBchTFCyV5SptNjLsGp2TxYLR!1507793099?docId=5001842234 online edition]
* Brown, David. "Jeffersonian Ideology And The Second Party System" ''Historian'', Fall, 1999 v62#1 pp 17–44 [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=Gn0D52dvDqQyYrS2Gbm3L3YJr9LCBchTFCyV5SptNjLsGp2TxYLR!1507793099?docId=5001842234 online edition]
* Brown; Stuart Gerry. ''The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison'' Syracuse University Press. 1954 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11814508 online edition].
* Brown; Stuart Gerry. ''The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison'' Syracuse University Press. 1954 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11814508 online edition].
*Colbourn, Trevor. ''The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution'' (1965) [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0009 online free version]
*Colbourn, Trevor. ''The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution'' (1965) [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0009 online free version]
* Ellis, Joseph J. ''Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Founding-Brothers-Revolutionary-Joseph-Ellis/dp/0375705244/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195534477&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Ellis, Joseph J. ''Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Founding-Brothers-Revolutionary-Joseph-Ellis/dp/0375705244/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195534477&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Foner, Eric. ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War'' 1970 Highly influential study; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/free-soil-free-labor-free-men-the-ideology-of-the-republican-party-before-the-civil-war-by-eric-foner.jsp online edition]
* Foner, Eric. ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War'' 1970 Highly influential study; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/free-soil-free-labor-free-men-the-ideology-of-the-republican-party-before-the-civil-war-by-eric-foner.jsp online edition]
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Essay.php?recordID=0789 Foner, Eric. "Radical Individualism in America: Revolution to Civil War," ''Literature of Liberty,'' vol. 1 no. 3, July/September 1978 pp 1-31 online]
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Essay.php?recordID=0789 Foner, Eric. "Radical Individualism in America: Revolution to Civil War," ''Literature of Liberty,'' vol. 1 no. 3, July/September 1978 pp 1-31 online]
* Gould, Philip. "Virtue, Ideology, and the American Revolution: The Legacy of the Republican Synthesis," ''American Literary History,'' Vol. 5, No. 3, Eighteenth century American Cultural Studies (Autumn, 1993), pp. 564–577 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0896-7148(199323)5%3A3%3C564%3AVIATAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* Gould, Philip. "Virtue, Ideology, and the American Revolution: The Legacy of the Republican Synthesis," ''American Literary History,'' Vol. 5, No. 3, Eighteenth century American Cultural Studies (Autumn, 1993), pp. 564–577 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0896-7148(199323)5%3A3%3C564%3AVIATAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
*Greene, Jack P. and J. R. Pole, eds. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution'' (1991), 845pp; emphasis on political ideas and republicanism; revised edition (2004) titled ''A Companion to the American Revolution''
*Greene, Jack P. and J. R. Pole, eds. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution'' (1991), 845pp; emphasis on political ideas and republicanism; revised edition (2004) titled ''A Companion to the American Revolution''
* Hart, Gary. ''Restoration of the Republic: The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21St-Century America'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Restoration-Republic-Jeffersonian-21st-Century-America/dp/0195174283/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447862&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hart, Gary. ''Restoration of the Republic: The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21St-Century America'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Restoration-Republic-Jeffersonian-21st-Century-America/dp/0195174283/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447862&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kerber, Linda K. '' Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Women-Republic-Intellect-Revolutionary-Institute/dp/0807846325/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195535016&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kerber, Linda K. '' Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Republic-Intellect-Revolutionary-Institute/dp/0807846325/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195535016&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kloppenberg, James T. ''The Virtues of Liberalism'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Virtues-Liberalism-James-T-Kloppenberg/dp/0195140567/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447829&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kloppenberg, James T. ''The Virtues of Liberalism'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Virtues-Liberalism-James-T-Kloppenberg/dp/0195140567/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447829&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McCoy, Drew R. ''The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America'' (1980) on economic theories [http://www.amazon.com/Elusive-Republic-Political-Economy-Jeffersonian/dp/0807846163/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195535141&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McCoy, Drew R. ''The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America'' (1980) on economic theories [https://www.amazon.com/Elusive-Republic-Political-Economy-Jeffersonian/dp/0807846163/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195535141&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Mushkat, Jerome, and Joseph G. Rayback, ''Martin Van Buren: Law, Politics, and the Shaping of Republican Ideology'' (1997)
* Mushkat, Jerome, and Joseph G. Rayback, ''Martin Van Buren: Law, Politics, and the Shaping of Republican Ideology'' (1997)
* Pangle, Thomas L. ''The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke'' (1990) [http://www.amazon.com/Spirit-Modern-Republicanism-Philosophy-Literatures/dp/0226645479/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447764&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pangle, Thomas L. ''The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Spirit-Modern-Republicanism-Philosophy-Literatures/dp/0226645479/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200447764&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Pocock, J. G. A. "Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century,” ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 3#1 (1972), 119–34. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953(197222)3%3A1%3C119%3AVACITE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]
* Pocock, J. G. A. "Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century,” ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 3#1 (1972), 119–34. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953(197222)3%3A1%3C119%3AVACITE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]
* Rahe, Paul A. ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) shows the impact of Machiavelli on republicanism in America [http://www.amazon.com/Machiavellis-Liberal-Republican-Legacy-Paul/dp/0521851874/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Rahe, Paul A. ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) shows the impact of Machiavelli on republicanism in America [https://www.amazon.com/Machiavellis-Liberal-Republican-Legacy-Paul/dp/0521851874/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Rodgers, Daniel T. "Republicanism: the Career of a Concept," ''Journal of American History,'' Vol. 79, No. 1 (Jun., 1992), pp. 11–38 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(199206)79%3A1%3C11%3ARTCOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I online in JSTOR]
* Rodgers, Daniel T. "Republicanism: the Career of a Concept," ''Journal of American History,'' Vol. 79, No. 1 (Jun., 1992), pp. 11–38 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(199206)79%3A1%3C11%3ARTCOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I online in JSTOR]
* Ross, Steven J. "The Transformation of Republican Ideology," ''Journal of the Early Republic,'' Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 323–330 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0275-1275(199023)10%3A3%3C323%3ATTORI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Ross, Steven J. "The Transformation of Republican Ideology," ''Journal of the Early Republic,'' Vol. 10, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 323–330 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0275-1275(199023)10%3A3%3C323%3ATTORI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Sandoz, Ellis. ''Republicanism, Religion, and the Soul of America.'' (2006) 248 pp. isbn 978-0-8262-1674-8. [http://www.amazon.com/Republicanism-Religion-Institute-Political-Philosophy/dp/0826216749/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197946943&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sandoz, Ellis. ''Republicanism, Religion, and the Soul of America.'' (2006) 248 pp. isbn 978-0-8262-1674-8. [https://www.amazon.com/Republicanism-Religion-Institute-Political-Philosophy/dp/0826216749/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197946943&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Shalhope, Robert E. "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography," ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 29 (Jan. 1972), 49-80; highly influential article that defined the topic; [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(197201)3%3A29%3A1%3C49%3ATARSTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 in JSTOR]
* Shalhope, Robert E. "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography," ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 29 (Jan. 1972), 49-80; highly influential article that defined the topic; [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(197201)3%3A29%3A1%3C49%3ATARSTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 in JSTOR]
* Shalhope, Robert E. "Republicanism and Early American Historiography," ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 39 (Apr. 1982), 334-356 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(198204)3%3A39%3A2%3C334%3ARAEAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Shalhope, Robert E. "Republicanism and Early American Historiography," ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 39 (Apr. 1982), 334-356 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(198204)3%3A39%3A2%3C334%3ARAEAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
*Wood, Gordon S. ''The Radicalism of the American Revolution: How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed''. (1992). ISBN 0-679-40493-7 [http://www.amazon.com/Radicalism-American-Revolution-Gordon-Wood/dp/0679736883/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197947078&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Wood, Gordon S. ''The Radicalism of the American Revolution: How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed''. (1992). ISBN 0-679-40493-7 [https://www.amazon.com/Radicalism-American-Revolution-Gordon-Wood/dp/0679736883/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197947078&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wood, Gordon S. "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd Ser., Vol. 23, No. 1 (Jan., 1966), pp. 3–32 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28196601%293%3A23%3A1%3C3%3ARARITA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]
* Wood, Gordon S. "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd Ser., Vol. 23, No. 1 (Jan., 1966), pp. 3–32 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28196601%293%3A23%3A1%3C3%3ARARITA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M in JSTOR]