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==Metaphors==
==Metaphors==
[[Image:TIN3.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Influence of ''The Wizard of Oz in early advertising: the Tin Man in a Sapolio soap ad.]]
[[Image:TIN3.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Influence of ''The Wizard of Oz in early advertising: the Tin Man in a Sapolio soap ad.]]
* The Tin Man was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years.<ref>Archie Green, ''Tin Men'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Tin-Folklore-Society-Archie-Green/dp/0252073754/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302792&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search] covers the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations for 300 years.</ref>
* The Tin Man was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years.<ref>Archie Green, ''Tin Men'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Tin-Folklore-Society-Archie-Green/dp/0252073754/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302792&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search] covers the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations for 300 years.</ref>
* The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's [[Standard Oil]] Company stood accused of being a monopoly (which was later ruled correct in a lawsuit brought by the federal government, and ultimately affirmed by the US Supreme Court.) In the 1902 stage adaptation the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller," the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."<ref>Swartz, ''Oz'' p 34</ref>
* The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's [[Standard Oil]] Company stood accused of being a monopoly (which was later ruled correct in a lawsuit brought by the federal government, and ultimately affirmed by the US Supreme Court.) In the 1902 stage adaptation the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller," the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."<ref>Swartz, ''Oz'' p 34</ref>
* The lion that Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tin-Man encounter in the enchanted forest may be a reference to [[William Jennings Bryan]], the Democratic candidate for president in 1896. Cartoons often portrayed leading politicians as lions, and Bryan was described as having a great roar with no bite. People asked in early 1900, when the book was written, if he had the courage to oppose the McKinley Administration.
* The lion that Dorothy, Scarecrow and Tin-Man encounter in the enchanted forest may be a reference to [[William Jennings Bryan]], the Democratic candidate for president in 1896. Cartoons often portrayed leading politicians as lions, and Bryan was described as having a great roar with no bite. People asked in early 1900, when the book was written, if he had the courage to oppose the McKinley Administration.
* In 1900 by far the most famous farmer in America was [[Henry Cantwell Wallace]], editor of the leading farm magazine, ''Wallace's Farmer''. Everyone called him "Uncle Henry."<ref>Henry Wallace and Richard S. Kirkendall. ''Uncle Henry: A Documentary Profile of the First Henry Wallace'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Henry-Documentary-Profile-Agricultural/dp/0813804248/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302873&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]</ref>
* In 1900 by far the most famous farmer in America was [[Henry Cantwell Wallace]], editor of the leading farm magazine, ''Wallace's Farmer''. Everyone called him "Uncle Henry."<ref>Henry Wallace and Richard S. Kirkendall. ''Uncle Henry: A Documentary Profile of the First Henry Wallace'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Henry-Documentary-Profile-Agricultural/dp/0813804248/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302873&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]</ref>
* "Aunt Em" is a puzzle. Baum's mother-in-law was named [[Matilda Joslyn Gage]], and might be "Aunt M." Mary Lease the Populist spellbinder has been suggested. ("Raise less corn and more hell!" was her shocking message, but Aunt Em is not like her.) Gage was a leader of the woman suffrage movement, but nothing about the book's character suggests suffrage interests.
* "Aunt Em" is a puzzle. Baum's mother-in-law was named [[Matilda Joslyn Gage]], and might be "Aunt M." Mary Lease the Populist spellbinder has been suggested. ("Raise less corn and more hell!" was her shocking message, but Aunt Em is not like her.) Gage was a leader of the woman suffrage movement, but nothing about the book's character suggests suffrage interests.
* Culver, Stuart. "Growing Up in Oz." ''American Literary History'' 4 (1992) 607-28. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0896-7148%28199224%294%3A4%3C607%3AGUIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Culver, Stuart. "Growing Up in Oz." ''American Literary History'' 4 (1992) 607-28. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0896-7148%28199224%294%3A4%3C607%3AGUIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Culver, Stuart. "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors", ''Representations'', 21 (1988) 97-116.
* Culver, Stuart. "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors", ''Representations'', 21 (1988) 97-116.
*Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. ''The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Historians-Wizard-Oz-Political-Monetary/dp/0275974197/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301722&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
*Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. ''The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Wizard-Oz-Political-Monetary/dp/0275974197/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301722&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Erisman, Fred. "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma" in ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 616–623. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28196823%2920%3A3%3C616%3ALFBATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online at JSTOR]
* Erisman, Fred. "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma" in ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 616–623. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28196823%2920%3A3%3C616%3ALFBATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E online at JSTOR]
* Flynn, Richard. "Imitation Oz: The Sequel as Commodity." The ''Lion and the Unicorn'' 20.1 (1996): 121-131.
* Flynn, Richard. "Imitation Oz: The Sequel as Commodity." The ''Lion and the Unicorn'' 20.1 (1996): 121-131.
* Karp, Andrew. ''Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum's Oz'' in ''Utopian Studies'', 1998. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001388159 online edition]
* Karp, Andrew. ''Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum's Oz'' in ''Utopian Studies'', 1998. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001388159 online edition]
* Kim, Helen M. "Strategic Credulity: Oz as Mass Cultural Parable" in ''Cultural Critique'' No. 33 (Spring, 1996), pp. 213–233. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0882-4371%28199621%290%3A33%3C213%3ASCOAMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T online at JSTOR]
* Kim, Helen M. "Strategic Credulity: Oz as Mass Cultural Parable" in ''Cultural Critique'' No. 33 (Spring, 1996), pp. 213–233. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0882-4371%28199621%290%3A33%3C213%3ASCOAMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T online at JSTOR]
* Leach, William. ''Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture'' (1993), pp. 248–260. [http://www.amazon.com/Land-Desire-Merchants-American-Culture/dp/0679754113/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301631&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Leach, William. ''Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture'' (1993), pp. 248–260. [https://www.amazon.com/Land-Desire-Merchants-American-Culture/dp/0679754113/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301631&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Leach, William. "The Clown from Syracuse: The Life and Times of L. Frank Baum." introduction to Leach, ed. ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' 1991. pp 1–34.
* Leach, William. "The Clown from Syracuse: The Life and Times of L. Frank Baum." introduction to Leach, ed. ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' 1991. pp 1–34.
* Littlefield, Henry M. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism" ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1964), pp. 47–58; Littlefield was the first scholar to explore the allegories, though he mistakenly thought Baum supported Populism [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28196421%2916%3A1%3C47%3ATWOOPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]; [http://www.amphigory.com/oz.htm another online version]; [http://www.ozclub.org/reference/littlefield.html another version]
* Littlefield, Henry M. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism" ''American Quarterly'' Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1964), pp. 47–58; Littlefield was the first scholar to explore the allegories, though he mistakenly thought Baum supported Populism [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0678%28196421%2916%3A1%3C47%3ATWOOPO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J in JSTOR]; [http://www.amphigory.com/oz.htm another online version]; [http://www.ozclub.org/reference/littlefield.html another version]
* Nesbet, Anne. "In Borrowed Balloons: The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation" in ''The Slavic and East European Journal'' Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring, 2001), pp. 80–95. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6752%28200121%291%3A45%3A1%3C80%3AIBBTWO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online at JSTOR]
* Nesbet, Anne. "In Borrowed Balloons: The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation" in ''The Slavic and East European Journal'' Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring, 2001), pp. 80–95. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-6752%28200121%291%3A45%3A1%3C80%3AIBBTWO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online at JSTOR]
* Parker, David. "The Rise and Fall of ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' as a 'Parable on Populism'" ''The Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians,'' vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63 [http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm online edition]
* Parker, David. "The Rise and Fall of ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' as a 'Parable on Populism'" ''The Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians,'' vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63 [http://www.halcyon.com/piglet/Populism.htm online edition]
*Riley, Michael O. ''Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum''. (1997) University of Kansas Press ISBN 0-7006-0832-X [http://www.amazon.com/Oz-Beyond-Fantasy-World-Frank/dp/070060832X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302255&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
*Riley, Michael O. ''Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum''. (1997) University of Kansas Press ISBN 0-7006-0832-X [https://www.amazon.com/Oz-Beyond-Fantasy-World-Frank/dp/070060832X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195302255&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Ritter, Gretchen. ''Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Goldbugs-Greenbacks-Antimonopoly-Tradition-1865-1896/dp/0521653924/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Ritter, Gretchen. ''Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Goldbugs-Greenbacks-Antimonopoly-Tradition-1865-1896/dp/0521653924/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195301565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics." ''Journal of American Studies'' (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
*Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics." ''Journal of American Studies'' (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
* Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 98 (1990): 739-60, the source most often used by economists [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28199008%2998%3A4%3C739%3AT%22OOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 online at JSTOR]; [http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v98y1990i4p739-60.html another online edition]
* Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory," ''Journal of Political Economy'' 98 (1990): 739-60, the source most often used by economists [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28199008%2998%3A4%3C739%3AT%22OOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 online at JSTOR]; [http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v98y1990i4p739-60.html another online edition]
* Rogers, Katharine M. ''L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz: A Biography'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/L-Frank-Baum-Creator-Biography/dp/031230174X/ref=sid_dp_dp excerpt and text search]
* Rogers, Katharine M. ''L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz: A Biography'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/L-Frank-Baum-Creator-Biography/dp/031230174X/ref=sid_dp_dp excerpt and text search]
* Sherman, Fraser A. ''The Wizard of Oz Catalog: L. Frank Baum's Novel, Its Sequels and Their Adaptations for Stage, Television, Movies, Radio, Music Videos, Comic Books, Commercials and More'' (2005)
* Sherman, Fraser A. ''The Wizard of Oz Catalog: L. Frank Baum's Novel, Its Sequels and Their Adaptations for Stage, Television, Movies, Radio, Music Videos, Comic Books, Commercials and More'' (2005)
* Swartz, Mark Evan. ''Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939'' (2000).
* Swartz, Mark Evan. ''Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939'' (2000).