Changes

Transnational environmental actors played the central  role in defining and instituting an international norm of antiwhaling, symbolized in the passage of the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. This moratorium signaled a rejection of previously held attitudes toward the use of whales as natural resources and the embracing of a protectionist, hands-off approach. Support for this new stance, however, was not forthcoming from pro-whaling states Japan, Norway, and Iceland. Japan at first objected to the moratorium, then went into compliance, and then decided on the resumption of limited commercial whaling. While the Japanese government views the whaling dispute as a threat to resource security and also a danger to interstate respect for differences in custom and cuisine, the need to be perceived as a responsible member of international society exercises a major influence on the formation of Japan's whaling policy, conditioning its rule compliance and prohibiting the independent action pursued by other pro-whaling states.<ref>Amy L. Catalinac, and Gerald  Chan, "Japan, the West, and the Whaling Issue: Understanding the Japanese Side." ''Japan Forum''  2005 17(1): 133-163. Issn: 0955-5803 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

Transnational environmental actors played the central  role in defining and instituting an international norm of antiwhaling, symbolized in the passage of the moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. This moratorium signaled a rejection of previously held attitudes toward the use of whales as natural resources and the embracing of a protectionist, hands-off approach. Support for this new stance, however, was not forthcoming from pro-whaling states Japan, Norway, and Iceland. Japan at first objected to the moratorium, then went into compliance, and then decided on the resumption of limited commercial whaling. While the Japanese government views the whaling dispute as a threat to resource security and also a danger to interstate respect for differences in custom and cuisine, the need to be perceived as a responsible member of international society exercises a major influence on the formation of Japan's whaling policy, conditioning its rule compliance and prohibiting the independent action pursued by other pro-whaling states.<ref>Amy L. Catalinac, and Gerald  Chan, "Japan, the West, and the Whaling Issue: Understanding the Japanese Side." ''Japan Forum''  2005 17(1): 133-163. Issn: 0955-5803 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

==Basic further reading==

==Basic further reading==

* Creighton, Margaret S.  ''Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830-1870.'' (1995). 233 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Rites-Passages-Experience-American-1830-1870/dp/0521484480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207603299&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Creighton, Margaret S.  ''Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830-1870.'' (1995). 233 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/Rites-Passages-Experience-American-1830-1870/dp/0521484480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207603299&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Dolin, Eric Jay. ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'' (2007) 480 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-History-Eric-Jay-Dolin/dp/0393060578/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207596886&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Dolin, Eric Jay. ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'' (2007) 480 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-History-Eric-Jay-Dolin/dp/0393060578/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207596886&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Dow, George Francis.  ''Whale Ships and Whaling: A Pictorial History.'' (1925, reprinted 1985). 253 pp  

* Dow, George Francis.  ''Whale Ships and Whaling: A Pictorial History.'' (1925, reprinted 1985). 253 pp  

* Ellis, Richard.  ''Men and Whales.'' (1991). 542 pp.   

* Ellis, Richard.  ''Men and Whales.'' (1991). 542 pp.   

* Bockstoce, John R.  ''Whales, Ice, and Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic.'' (1986). 400 pp.  

* Bockstoce, John R.  ''Whales, Ice, and Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic.'' (1986). 400 pp.  

* Busch, Briton Cooper.  ''"Whaling Will Never Do for Me": The American Whaleman in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1994). 265 pp  

* Busch, Briton Cooper.  ''"Whaling Will Never Do for Me": The American Whaleman in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1994). 265 pp  

* Creighton, Margaret S.  ''Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830-1870.'' (1995). 233 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Rites-Passages-Experience-American-1830-1870/dp/0521484480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207603299&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Creighton, Margaret S.  ''Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830-1870.'' (1995). 233 pp.  [https://www.amazon.com/Rites-Passages-Experience-American-1830-1870/dp/0521484480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207603299&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Davis, Lance E.; Gallman, Robert E.; and Gleiter, Karin.  ''In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816-1906.'' (NBER Series on Long-Term Factors in Economic Development.)  1997. 550 pp.  advanced quantitative economic history

* Davis, Lance E.; Gallman, Robert E.; and Gleiter, Karin.  ''In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816-1906.'' (NBER Series on Long-Term Factors in Economic Development.)  1997. 550 pp.  advanced quantitative economic history

* Dickinson, Anthony B. and Sanger, Chesley W.  ''Twentieth-Century Shore-Station Whaling in Newfoundland and Labrador.'' 2005. 254 pp.   

* Dickinson, Anthony B. and Sanger, Chesley W.  ''Twentieth-Century Shore-Station Whaling in Newfoundland and Labrador.'' 2005. 254 pp.   

* Dolin, Eric Jay. ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'' (2007) 480 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-History-Eric-Jay-Dolin/dp/0393060578/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207596886&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Dolin, Eric Jay. ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'' (2007) 480 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-History-Eric-Jay-Dolin/dp/0393060578/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207596886&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

* Dow, George Francis.  ''Whale Ships and Whaling: A Pictorial History.'' (1925, reprinted 1985). 253 pp  

* Dow, George Francis.  ''Whale Ships and Whaling: A Pictorial History.'' (1925, reprinted 1985). 253 pp  

* Ellis, Richard.  ''Men and Whales.'' (1991). 542 pp.   

* Ellis, Richard.  ''Men and Whales.'' (1991). 542 pp.