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Problems of biblical [[exegesis]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual criticism]] relating to internal textual consistency are often the result of specious reasoning based on assumptions rooted in lack of sufficient knowledge of culture, terminology and religious practice.<ref>For example, the difficulty of reconciling John 18:28 and Matthew 26:17; Mark 14:12; Luke 22:7, is resolved by the knowledge that Passover called Unleavened Bread was a period of eight days, the knowledge that Friday was the regular Day of Preparation of the Sabbath of Passover that year (A.D. 33), the knowledge that the Jews carefully kept themselves ritually undefiled during the whole period of the eight days of Passover called Unleavened Bread, the implicit belief that scripture is internally consistent and not self-contradictory, and the reasonable understanding based on this knowledge that John 18:28 is referring to the anticipation of "eating the Passover" on the ''second'' day of Passover called Unleavened Bread, on Friday evening, the evening (beginning) of the Sabbath day, Saturday, which, because it was a Day of Assembly (Leviticus 23:4-8), was a "high day" of solemnity before the Lord. The assumption made by many that "eating the Passover" in John 18:28 refers ''only'' to the single night of the first Seder of Passover and that the Preparation of Passover of John 19:14 on which Jesus was crucified ''preceded the first Seder of Passover'' is a primary example of specious reasoning which, by failing to recognize the eating of the Passover for the eight days called Unleavened Bread creates an unnecessary difficulty that does not exist when all factors are taken into account.</ref>

Problems of biblical [[exegesis]] and [[Historical-critical method (Higher criticism)|textual criticism]] relating to internal textual consistency are often the result of specious reasoning based on assumptions rooted in lack of sufficient knowledge of culture, terminology and religious practice.<ref>For example, the difficulty of reconciling John 18:28 and Matthew 26:17; Mark 14:12; Luke 22:7, is resolved by the knowledge that Passover called Unleavened Bread was a period of eight days, the knowledge that Friday was the regular Day of Preparation of the Sabbath of Passover that year (A.D. 33), the knowledge that the Jews carefully kept themselves ritually undefiled during the whole period of the eight days of Passover called Unleavened Bread, the implicit belief that scripture is internally consistent and not self-contradictory, and the reasonable understanding based on this knowledge that John 18:28 is referring to the anticipation of "eating the Passover" on the ''second'' day of Passover called Unleavened Bread, on Friday evening, the evening (beginning) of the Sabbath day, Saturday, which, because it was a Day of Assembly (Leviticus 23:4-8), was a "high day" of solemnity before the Lord. The assumption made by many that "eating the Passover" in John 18:28 refers ''only'' to the single night of the first Seder of Passover and that the Preparation of Passover of John 19:14 on which Jesus was crucified ''preceded the first Seder of Passover'' is a primary example of specious reasoning which, by failing to recognize the eating of the Passover for the eight days called Unleavened Bread creates an unnecessary difficulty that does not exist when all factors are taken into account.</ref>

In contrast to misled, sincere reasoners and apologists, political [[demagogue]]s, [[charlatan]]s, [[scam|con artist]]s, and many merchants and salespeople are all specious [[Lie|liars]]. See [[Marketing|marketing strategy]] and [[advertising]].

In contrast to misled, sincere reasoners and apologists, deliberately deceitful political [[demagogue]]s, [[charlatan]]s, [[scam|con artist]]s, and many merchants and salespeople are all specious [[Lie|liars]]. See [[Marketing|marketing strategy]] and [[advertising]].

The only defense against specious reasoning is good [[common sense]], established [[Health|physical, mental and emotional health]], [[Experience|personal mature judgment]] and knowledge of [[human nature]], an objective standard of external [[Truth (logic)|truth]], a full and independent impartial [[Evidence|examination of claims]] presented for acceptance, and a well-ordered understanding of the subject based on thorough [[research]] and the [[testimony]] of proven [[expert]]s, and one's own personal [[Understanding|knowledge and experience]] in that particular field of [[knowledge]].

The only defense against specious reasoning is good [[common sense]], established [[Health|physical, mental and emotional health]], [[Experience|personal mature judgment]] and knowledge of [[human nature]], an objective standard of external [[Truth (logic)|truth]], a full and independent impartial [[Evidence|examination of claims]] presented for acceptance, and a well-ordered understanding of the subject based on thorough [[research]] and the [[testimony]] of proven [[expert]]s, and one's own personal [[Understanding|knowledge and experience]] in that particular field of [[knowledge]].