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== Naturalist rejection of religious opposition to philosophical naturalism==

== Naturalist rejection of religious opposition to philosophical naturalism==

Naturalists acknowledge the opposition of religion to philosophical naturalism, and observe that [[Theology|religious schools of thought]] argue for the existence of the supernatural alongside the natural, by proposing two orders of one reality which coexist together without any contradiction. With the exception of [[Pantheism|pantheists]]—who believe that Nature and God are one and the same thing—theists challenge the idea that nature contains all of reality, the visible and the invisible. According to some theists, natural laws may be viewed as so-called secondary causes of god(s). In response to the range of religious opposition philosophical naturalists argue that in order to "''compete''" with science religious philosophers and [[theologian]]s have created and arrayed against philosophical naturalism "''[[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]''" theories like [[Intelligent design|intelligent design (ID)]] which "''supposedly''" prove supernatural intervention in natural phenomena and assert that the supernatural is "''somehow immune''" to science, meaning that it is "''somehow''" not subject to scientific scrutiny or to scientific laws. These naturalists assert that such "''pseudoscientific''" religious theories "''work about as well as [[Cargo cult science|cargo cults]]''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/cargo-cult Encyclopedia Britannica online | cargo cults]</ref>", and are just as equally "''unconvincing, unsupportable, undemonstrable,''" and "''unprovable''" to people of "''rational intelligence''". Being unable to demonstrate that these assertions are other than a ''subjective'' judgment (unsubstantiated opinion) demonstrates argument based on the fallacies of [[Logical fallacy#Proof by assertion|proof by assertion]] and [[Fallacy of invincible ignorance|"invincible ignorance"]] (see [[hostile witness]], [[personal attack]], ''[[ad hominem]]'', [[deliberate ignorance]]). However, philosopher [[Antony Flew]]

Naturalists acknowledge the opposition of religion to philosophical naturalism, and observe that [[Theology|religious schools of thought]] argue for the existence of the supernatural alongside the natural, by proposing two orders of one reality which coexist together without any contradiction. With the exception of [[Pantheism|pantheists]]—who believe that Nature and God are one and the same thing—theists challenge the idea that nature contains all of reality, the visible and the invisible. According to some theists, natural laws may be viewed as so-called secondary causes of god(s). In response to the range of religious opposition philosophical naturalists argue that in order to "''compete''" with science religious philosophers and [[theologian]]s have created and arrayed against philosophical naturalism "''[[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]''" theories like [[Intelligent design|intelligent design (ID)]] which "''supposedly''" prove supernatural intervention in natural phenomena and assert that the supernatural is "''somehow immune''" to science, meaning that it is "''somehow''" not subject to scientific scrutiny or to scientific laws. These naturalists assert that such "''pseudoscientific''" religious theories "''work about as well as [[Cargo cult science|cargo cults]]''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/cargo-cult Encyclopedia Britannica online | cargo cults]</ref>", and are just as equally "''unconvincing, unsupportable, undemonstrable,''" and "''unprovable''" to people of "''rational intelligence''". Inability to demonstrate (''to the satisfaction of naturalists'') that these assertions are other than a ''subjective'' judgment (unsubstantiated opinion) demonstrates (''to naturalists'') argument based on the fallacies of [[Logical fallacy#Proof by assertion|proof by assertion]] and [[Fallacy of invincible ignorance|"invincible ignorance"]] (see [[hostile witness]], [[personal attack]], ''[[ad hominem]]'', [[deliberate ignorance]]). However, philosopher [[Antony Flew]]

<ref>Flew, Antony, with Roy Abraham Varghese, ''There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind'', 2007, HarperCollins ''Publishers''. ISBN 978-0-06-133530-3</ref>  

<ref>Flew, Antony, with Roy Abraham Varghese, ''There is a God: How the World's Most Notorious Atheist Changed His Mind'', 2007, HarperCollins ''Publishers''. ISBN 978-0-06-133530-3</ref>  

who was "One of the leading analytical philosophers of the twentieth century" (Daniel N. Robinson, Philosophy Department, Oxford University), and other informed writers such as [[Anthony Zee]]

who was "One of the leading analytical philosophers of the twentieth century" (Daniel N. Robinson, Philosophy Department, Oxford University), and other informed writers such as [[Anthony Zee]]