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Created page with "{{Infobox officeholder |name=Rubel Lex Phillips = | image_size = | caption = | office=Mississippi Public Service Commissioner | term_start=1956 | term_end=1..."
{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Rubel Lex Phillips =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office=[[Mississippi]] Public Service Commissioner
| term_start=1956
| term_end=1959
| succeeded=Thomas Hal Phillips
| birth_date=March 29, 1925
| birth_place=Kossuth, Alcorn County<br> Mississippi, USA
| death_date=June 18, 2011 (aged 86)
| death_place=Ridgeland, Mississippi
| resting_place=Shiloh [[Presbyterian]] Church Cemetery in Alcorn County
| profession=[[Attorney]]<br>
[[United States Navy]] in [[World War II]]
| party=[[Democratic Party|Democrat]] (until 1963)<br>[[Republican Party|Republican]] (after 1963)
|residence=[[Jackson]], Mississippi]]
|religion=[[Baptist]]
|spouse=Margaret James Phillips (married ca. 1955–2011, his death)
|children=Rubel Phillips, Jr.<br>
Dr. William James Phillips
|alma_mater=Millsaps College<br>[[University of Mississippi]] School of Law<br>
Downing College, Cambridge
}}
'''Rubel Lex Phillips, Sr.''' (March 29, 1925 – June 18, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi|title=Social Security Death Index|publisher=ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=December 8, 2011}}</ref>) was an [[attorney]], [[business]]man, and [[politician]] from [[Mississippi]] best known for his losing [[Republican Party|Republican]] [[governor of Mississippi|gubernatorial]] campaigns of 1963 and 1967.<ref name=obit>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/clarionledger/obituary.aspx?n=rubel-phillips&pid=152099370 |title=Rubel Phillips Obituary|publisher=''Jackson Clarion Ledger''|date=June 20, 2011|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
Previously, as a [[Democratic Party|Democrat]], Phillips was a circuit court] clerk in Alcorn County in northeastern Mississippi and a member and chairman of the Mississippi Public Service Commission from 1956 to 1959. By 1963, he had switched parties to become only the third Republican since 1877 to seek his state's governorship. Phillips ran on the slogan of "K.O. the Kennedys",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/phillips.htm|title=K.O. The Kennedys! The 1963 Rubel Phillips Campaign in Mississippi|publisher=cresswellslist.com|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> even though he had backed [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] for the presidency in 1960 over the Republican [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Richard M. Nixon]]. Phillips, with 38 percent of the ballots cast, lost to Democrat Paul Burney Johnson, Jr., the son of a former Governor Paul Johnson, Sr. That election was held barely two weeks prior to the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of President Kennedy in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].
In 1967, Phillips ran as a [[Moderate Republican]] but lost decisively to the [[conservative]] Democrat [[John Bell Williams]], a [[U.S. representative]].
==Background==
Phillips was born to William T. Phillips and the former Ollie Fare in the village of Kossuth near Corinth, the seat of government for Alcorn County. He graduated in 1943 from Alcorn Agricultural High School in Kossuth. Thereafter, he enlisted in the [[United States Navy]] in which he served for four years in the Pacific Ocean Theater of Operationsduring [[World War II]] and, then, with the post-war occupation. Phillips also retained a commission in the Navy Reserve, from which he retired at the rank of commander in 1963.<ref name=obit/>
He graduated, first, from Millsaps College, a [[United Methodist]] [[liberal arts]] institution in the capital city of [[Jackson]], then the [[University of Mississippi]]School of Law in Oxford. In 1956, Phillips was named an "Outstanding Alumnus" of Millsaps College. In 1959, he and later Lieutenant Governor Charles L. Sullivan were named among the "Outstanding Young Men of the Year" by the Mississippi Jaycees. He was formerly active in Kiwanis International.<ref name=obit/>
In 1958, he entered the private practice of law in Jackson with the firm Overstreet, Kuykendall, Perry and Phillips. He was subsequently a senior partner in the reorganized firm, Perry, Phillips, Crockett and Morrison. From 1979 until 1990, Phillips was retained as a consultant and attorney for Mobile Communications Corporation of America, later MobileComm, a subsidiary of BellSouth. In 1993, he was accepted into the Master of Laws program at [[Cambridge University]]'s Downing College in Cambridge, [[England]].<ref name=obit/>
Formerly a member of the First [[Baptist]] Church of Jackson, Mississippi, Phillips later was among five founding members of Northminster Baptist Church, at which he was the first chairman of the deacon board and taught the men's [[Sunday school]] class. He was a fundraiser for his alma mater, Millsaps College and the St. Andrew's Episcopal School, also located in Jackson.<ref name=obit/>
==Switching to the GOP==
Though Phillips had endorsed [[Adlai Stevenson]] for president in 1956 against the Republican incumbent [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Kennedy over Nixon in 1960, he left the Democrats in 1963 to run for governor as the Republican nominee in a bid to succeed the term-limited Ross H. Barnett, who had fought the [[Segregation|desegregation]] in 1962 of the University of Mississippi. Phillips faced the Democratic nominee Paul Johnson, who was nearly as outspoken in defense of segregation as his predecessor, Barnett.<ref>Billy Hathorn, "Challenging the Status Quo: Rubel Lex Phillips and the Mississippi Republican Party (1963-1967)," ''The Journal of Mississippi History'' XLVII, November 1985, No. 4, pp. 240-242.</ref>
Bidwell Adam, a former lieutenant governor under segregationist Governor [[Theodore Bilbo]] and the Democratic state chairman in Mississippi at the time, said that Phillips had contacted him in 1962 to seek backing for a potential Democratic campaign for governor.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' October 16, 1963; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 24, 1963.</ref> Paul Johnson then claimed that Phillips had become "an overnight Republican" after failure to acquire financial support in a primary with a large open field. Johnson said that Phillips had been "anointed by Squirt Yerger in a Jackson hotel room," a reference to Republican chairman Wirt Adams Yerger, Jr., who served from 1956 to 1966.<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 16, 24, 1963; ''The Meridian Star'', October 9, 1963.</ref> the first Republican candidate since 1947, when a former governor of [[Nebraska]], George L. Sheldon, polled 2.5 percent of the Mississippi gubernatorial general election vote.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1947.</ref>
Johnson and Adam questioned the new Republican's dedication to segregation by noting that as the clerk of Alcorn County from 1952 to 1956 Phillips had supervised the registration of more [[African-American]] voters than had been permitted in most other Mississippi counties at that time.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' November 4, 1963.</ref> The pair stressed Phillips' support for Adlai Stevenson in 1956 and Kennedy in 1960. They too had also backed Stevenson over Eisenhower but supported the unpledged electors which carried Mississippi (and half of [[Alabama]]) in 1960 over the Kennedy and Nixon electoral slates.<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 16 and November 4, 1963.</ref>
Johnson and Adam uncovered a 1956 memorandum in which Phillips declared that Adlai Stevenson was:
<blockquote>the only hope for the South. Although he is considered by many a moderate, that is at least a step in the right direction by us. It is my view that those of us who are taking a moderate course in respect to all social legislation will be recognized ten years from now as having taken the only practical course for people who believe in progressive [it is unclear what Phillips meant about the use of the word "progressive"] government.
It is essential that intelligent and cool-thinking people remain in office even though it occasionally means that they have to give tacit support to measures they do not believe to be sound. There will be times that I, as chairman of the Public Service Commission, will have to take positions that I do not believe to be either sound or right, but if I sacrifice whatever opportunities I may have to do something important in the future for a point of minor significance, then I will have been of benefit to no one. That is a painful admission for anyone in public office. ... nevertheless, if we are ambitious, we have to make it.<ref>Memorandum from Rubel Phillips on Public Service Commission stationery, March 1, 1956, reprinted in ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 15, 1963</ref></blockquote>
Chairman Adam warned Democratic officeholders prophetically that a strong GOP showing in 1963 would encourage Republicans to contest future races on a regular basis and could in time threaten the state's solidly Democratic congressional delegation. Adam also accused Phillips and his running-mate for lieutenant governor, state Senator Stanford E. Morse, Jr., of Gulfport, another Democrat-turned-Republican, of having confused voters by omitting the word "Republican" from their campaign materials.<ref>''the Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' October 11, 16, 1963; ''[[The New York Times]],'' October 26, 1963.</ref>
==Racial politics==
With his "K.O. the Kennedys" slogan, Phillips attempted to present himself as a more determined segregationist than his rival, Paul Johnson. In a statewide television broadcast, Phillips said that he had concluded that only Republicans could offer a realistic challenge to the national Democrats.<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 3, 1963</ref> Phillips' segregationist views were confirmed by the historian [[James Silver|James W. Silver]] of the University of Mississippi, who quoted the Republican candidate as having told students in 1962 that the Kennedy administration was being "run by incompetents and [[communism|communist]] sympathizers."<ref>James W. Silver] ''Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York, 1966), p. 45.</ref> Silver added that Phillips had called [[United States Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]] "a little juvenile" who had "declared war on Mississippi, and he will demand unconditional surrender."<ref>Silver, p. 45.</ref>
In Meadville, Phillips remarked, "I was born a segregationist, I am for segregation now, and I will be for segregation when I die."<ref>''The Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' October 17, 1963; ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 22, 1963.</ref> Phillips said that opponents who branded him a "closet integrationist" were deceptive: "noting could be further from the truth."<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 22, 1963</ref> Phillips said "the one-party system ... gave us John and Bobby Kennedy and the integration of our state's university."<ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'' (since the ''Sun Herald''), September 3, 1963; ''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 4, 1963.</ref>
Phillips accused outgoing Governor Barnett and Democratic opponent Paul Johnson of "rooster fighting with U.S. marshals" in the 1962 desegregation crisis, which ended in the enrollment of [[James Meredith]] as the first African American student and subsequent Ole Miss graduate. Phillips said that Barnett and Johnson had merely tricked voters by staging their opposition to desegregation and that Johnson was the "Kennedy candidate" in the race.<ref>'The 'Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' September 7, 1963.</ref>
Until the 1960s, Mississippians had known no alternative to segregation, and many linked the separation of the races to the Bible. Governor Barnett, like Phillips a Baptist Sunday school teacher, declared "The Good Lord was the original segregationist. He put the black man in [[Africa]]. ... He made us white because he wanted us white, and He intended that we should stay that way."<ref>''The Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' September 12, 1963.</ref> Barnett said that Mississippi had the largest percent of African Americans because "they love our way of life here, and that way is segregation."<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' September 25, 1963.</ref><ref>Silver, ''The Closed Society,'' pp. 273-74.</ref>
==Two-party political dissent==
In its endorsement of Paul Johnson, the ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'' urged voters "not to play with fire" and ignite the birth of a two-party system, which would lead to a political division among whites along partisan and economic lines.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', November 4, 1963</ref> Johnson called the two-party concept "a political rendezvous with death."<ref name="ReferenceB">''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 16, 1963</ref> At a pre-election rally in Jackson, Barnett urged Mississippi Democrats to "push out this Republican threat" and added that he was "fed up with these fence-riding, pussy-footing, snow-digging Yankee Republicans."<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 16, 1963; ''Time Magazine,'' October 25, 1963, p. 29.</ref>
The ''[[Hattiesburg American]]'' echoed the Democratic contention that the primary beneficiaries of a two-party system would be the then "920,000 Negroes who dwell here."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 7, 1963</ref> ''The American'' denounced Republican leaders [[Barry M. Goldwater]] of [[Arizona]] and [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], rivals for the party's 1964 presidential nomination, for their common membership in the [[National Urban League]] and the [[NAACP]]. ''The American'' also criticized then freshman [[U.S. Representative]] [[Robert Taft, Jr.]], son of the late conservative [[U.S. Senator]] [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]], for having remarked that "no segregationist belongs on a Republican ticket or even in the party."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 24, 1963</ref> An advertisement carried in the ''Jackson Daily News'' linked white Republicans with "modern [[scalawag]]s," a reference to southern whites who cooperated with [[carpetbagger]]s during [[Reconstruction era in the United States|Reconstruction]]."<ref>''Jackson Daily News,'' October 15, 1963</ref>
Phillips defended the two-party format on the grounds that competition can produce excellence and questioned how competitive general elections would be "dangerous" because white voters had for years been divided in contentious Democratic primary runoff elections.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 18, 1963; ''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'', September 20, 1963</ref> Phillips stressed that in the 1850s, when Mississippi Democrats faced competition from [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], the state ranked fifth nationally in per capita income. Like Johnson, Phillips felt compelled to denounce the [[Radical Republicans|Radical]] Reconstruction policies of the 1860s and 1870s.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Gilbert L. "Gil" Carmichael]], a Meridian businessman who managed Phillips' 1963 campaign in Lauderdale County and was later the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1972 against [[James Eastland]] and then for governor in 1975 and 1979, said in a civic club debate that he found it:
<blockquote> ... peculiar to defend something I have always taken for granted ... Who, a few years ago, would have thought it possible to have reached the point ... where it is necessary to defend the human right to a choice? ... I fear that the state Democratic Party is unwittingly being used as a tool for the same goals of the national party. ... Today, the majority of whites of this state are not one-party Democrats but true independents -- and they are glad that there is the beginning of a second party -- so they can have a real choice.<ref>''The Meridian Star,'' October 1, 1963.</ref></blockquote>
''The Vicksburg Evening Post'' deplored the campaign invective and claimed that "demagoguery is replacing logic, and that appeals to passion and prejudice far outweight any effort to discuss intelligently the problems and future of our state."<ref>''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' October 21, 1963.</ref> ''The Greenville Delta Democrat-Times]],'' then published by Hodding Carter, II, a Kennedy supporter but a critic of the state Democratic Party, endorsed Phillips:
<blockquote>Democrats see clearly that the Republican Party, once it gains power in Mississippi, will offer the kind of effective outlet for the feelings of most Mississippians that the isolated state Democrats (who renounce any connection with the national party) can never hope to produce. All that the state Democratic Party can offer is another four years of frustrated political impotence in national affairs and a never-never land existence within the state's borders.<ref>''[[Delta Democrat Times|Greenville Delta Democrat-Times]],'' September 5, 1963.</ref></blockquote>
''[[The New York Times]]'' concluded that Phillips' potential for an upset rested with "an unlikely coalition of Goldwater Republicans and Democrats who range in viewpoint from middle-of-the-road to liberal."<ref name="ReferenceC">''The New York Time,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> The state [[AFL-CIO]], then with some fifty thousand members, endorsed Phillips despite his support of the Mississippi [[right-to-work]] law. Labor president Claude E. Ramsay of Pascagoula on the Gulf Coast denounced the Barnett-Johnson administration as "the most corrupt and irresponsible in the state's history" and supported Phillips' proposed educational reform, civil service merit system, and opposition to an increase in the state [[sales tax]].<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963; Gary M. Fink, ed., ''Biographical Directory of U.S. Labor Leaders'' (Westport, [[Connecticut]], 1974), pp. 297-98; ''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> Johnson said that he was not disturbed by Ramsay's "false prophet" endorsement: "Everyone has known Ramsay to have a tendency toward integration."<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963.</ref><ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald,'' October 30, 1963.</ref>
Several moderate Democrats endorsed Phillips, many of whom had supported former Governor James P. Coleman, Barnett's predecessor in the office, and a loser to Paul Johnson in an attempted comeback in the 1963 Democratic primary. When Phillips resigned from the Public Service Commission in 1959, Coleman appointed Phillips' older brother, the author Thomas Hal Phillips, to the remaining portion of the term.<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 22, 1963.</ref><ref>''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> Hal Phillips was his brother's gubernatorial campaign manager in the 1963 election.
==1963 campaign activities==
Both candidates used country musicians in their campaigns. Phillips declared himself a "redneck", and the Republicans sang to the tune of "Reuben, Reuben", the refrain, "Rubel, Rubel, We're all rebels, Fighting for our native land, Against the Kennedy carpetbaggers, Bobby, Jack, and all the clan."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The Democrats used a song composed by Houston Davis of Jackson: "Rubel, Rubel, little Rubel, Poor misguided Democrat, when it comes to the final test, The GOP will leave you flat. ..."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 24, 1963.</ref>
Phillips said he spent $500,000 on the first gubernatorial campaign.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 202.</ref> Democrats claimed that the [[New York City]] investment banker Nelson Trimble Levings, who owned a plantation in Mississippi and had opposed Senator Bilbo in the 1946 Democratic primary, was dispatching Rockefeller cash to Phillips, a point the GOP denied.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Johnson carried the backing of the Mississippi Municipal Association, which consisted of most of the state's Democratic mayors. That endorsement prompted Phillips to cancel a scheduled appearance before the group.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', September 12, 1963; Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'', September 4, 11, 1963; ''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref>
Johnson refused to debate Phillips and expressed irritation over the fact that he was the first Democrat nominee since 1947 to have Republican opposition. [[Carroll Gartin]], the former lieutenant governor seeking to regain the position on Johnson's ticket, declared Phillips' candidacy "a great disservice" to the state because "everyone had a chance to run as a Democrat."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 9, 1963</ref> ''The Jackson Daily News'' similarly declared it a "nuisance" to hold a general election after two all-encompassing Democratic primaries.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 16, 1963</ref>
In [[Water Valley, Mississippi]] in northern Mississippi, Phillips challenged Johnson's proposal to change election laws, suggesting that his rival would create "a dictatorship ... so Republicans and [[Independent (politics)|Independents]] cannot run for office."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Unlike neighboring [[Louisiana]], which in 1975 abolished one of the three elections in the cycle, the Mississippi legislature never revised the state's election law. Some had argued that such a change might hamper efforts to recruit northern industries into the South.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 28, 1967.</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', April 12 and May 10–14, 1964.</ref>
The gubernatorial contest was a prelude to the 1964 national election in Mississippi. Governor Paul Johnson at first, in an appearance in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], endorsed "free electors" for 1964, a move strongly opposed by Republicans. I. Lee Potter of [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]], chairman of the GOP's "Operation Dixie" said, "The South has been that route before. It didn't work, can't work."<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 6, 1963.</ref>
Ultimately, Johnson endorsed Goldwater over [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], but he was critical of the Republican Party in making the selection. Bidwell Adam called Goldwater "a true Republican where the dollar is involved" but not really "a conservative as to the social revolutions being forced by judicial edicts and bayonets at the hands of ruthless dictatorships."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963.</ref>
Goldwater's position on the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], which serves northeastern Mississippi, prompted Phillips to distance himself from the senator on that issue.<ref>''The New York Times,'' November 5, 1963.</ref> Formerly known as "the young firebrand from the [[Gulf Coast]]," Adam was elected lieutenant governor in 1927 at the age of thirty-three. Wirt Yerger recalled him in later years as "an old-line, redneck Democrat who literally hated Republicans or the thought of any Republican in public office." Still Adam endorsed Goldwater in 1964 and Nixon in 1972.<ref>''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 255.</ref>
Bidwell Adam declared that Paul Johnson "towers like the giants of the forest above the man (Phillips) who is grazing in the pastures of filth." He predicted voters would give Phillips "the brass ring of political ingratitude that he so richly deserves" and claimed that Phillips would be "buried in a political boneyard of forgotten men."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 31, 1963.</ref> Phillips later recalled that he and Adam "buried the hatchet and became warm friends" after that campaign when they worked together on the same side in a lawsuit.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 255.</ref>
The campaign featured an exchange between GOP chairman Yerger and Senator James Eastland, who missed nearly thirty roll call votes while in Mississippi to campaign for Paul Johnson. In 1966, Wirt Yerger resigned as GOP chairman and considered challenging Eastland until U.S. Representative [[Prentiss Walker]] of [[Mize, Mississippi|Mize]] entered the race. Years later, Yerger said that Walker's decision to relinquish his House seat after one term for the vagaries of a Senate race was "very devastating" to the growth of the Mississippi GOP.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 256</ref>
In [[Parchman, Mississippi|Parchman]] in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi|Sunflower County]], Phillips declared the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]] "a disgrace" and called for a constitutional board "free of politics to exercise responsible leadership" at the institution then known for brutal practices. Phillips recounted the case of inmate Kimble Berry, serving time for [[manslaughter]] who was granted leave in 1961 by acting Governor Johnson but showed up in a [[Cadillac]] in [[Massachusetts]] claiming he had been authorized to recover [[burglary]] loot.<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 24, 1963.</ref><ref>''Meridian Star'', October 11, 1963.</ref>
==1963 election results==
In a 64 percent turnout, Johnson defeated Phillips, 225,456 votes (62 percent) to 138,515 (38 percent). Gartin received 258,857 (74 percent) to Stanford Morse's 90,948 (26 percent) in the race for lieutenant governor. Phillips carried seven counties, ranging from [[Washington County, Mississippi|Washington]] (61 percent) to [[Jones County, Mississippi|Jones]] (50.6 percent). Phillips received 53 percent in [[Harrison County, Mississippi|Harrison County]] and 44.7 percent in both his native Alcorn and in [[Hinds County, Mississippi|Hinds County]], which includes the capital city of Jackson, where he spent the major part of his life.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1963</ref>
''The Clarion-Ledger'' declared prematurely that "the handwriting is plain for all to see -- the Magnolia State wants nothing to do with the two-party system."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', November 7, 1963</ref> Ungracious in victory, Adam telegraphed Yerger that since the GOP had been "electrocuted, will you please advise the date and place you will deliver the funeral oration?"<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', November 6, 1963</ref> Phillips in defeat said his new party had "lost a battle ... we have not lost the war. We now know that we have a strong two-party system."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', November 6, 1963; ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'', November 18, 1963, p. 46</ref> Years later, chairman Wirt Yerger said that Phillips might have run stronger had he endorsed legalized liquor sales. A 1963 poll found that 75 percent of Mississippi voters wanted to end statewide [[prohibition]], something not achieved until 1966. Mississippi was the last state with prohibition. Yerger said that the validity of the survey was unclear.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 257</ref>
Three Republicans were elected to full legislative terms in 1963 to the state legislature: Representatives [[Lewis McAllister|Lewis Leslie McAllister, Jr.]], a businessman from Meridian who had first won a [[special election]] in 1962, and attorney [[Charles K. Pringle]] of [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]], and State Senator [[Seelig Wise]]<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 242, 262</ref> of [[Clarksdale, Mississippi|Clarksdale]], who represented [[Coahoma County, Mississippi|Coahoma]], [[Tunica County, Mississippi|Tunica]], and [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman]] counties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pressregister.com/article_b087cf45-a5b0-5c9e-b798-4dd9cf620d9f.html|title=Seelig Bartel "Bushie" Wise, September 7, 2004|newspaper=[[Clarksdale Press Register]]|accessdate=May 10, 2014}}</ref>
The ''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' urged Republicans to run candidates in all future elections. "Within the next decade, the Republicans ... will be on par with the Democrats. When that day arrives, the GOP will look back on this election as the real starting point."<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', November 4, 1963</ref> The paper claimed that Phillips faced the opposition of "virtually every Democratic officeholder as well as the crushing weight of the state's one-party tradition. In the face of these odds, the showing was even more amazing."<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', November 6, 1963</ref>
Goldwater's 87 percent victory in Mississippi, accomplished the year prior to passage of the [[Voting Rights Act]], was accompanied by the upset victory of Prentiss Walker to Congress. In 1965, Republicans won mayoral positions in Hattiesburg and [[Columbus, Mississippi|Columbus]] and lost narrowly in [[Laurel, Mississippi|Laurel]] and [[Clarksdale, Mississippi|Clarksdale]].<ref>''The New York Times'', June 9, 10, 1965</ref> The gains from 1964 and 1965 were halted in 1966 and 1967. The Democrat [[Gillespie V. Montgomery|G. V. "Sonny" Montgomery]] reclaimed Walker's House seat and held it for thirty years. Phillips ran again for governor in 1967 as a moderate candidate against the more conservative Democratic nominee John Bell Williams, who along with [[Albert Watson (South Carolina)|Albert W. Watson]] of [[South Carolina]] had been stripped of congressional seniority in 1965 for having endorsed Goldwater for president. Williams specifically was denied the chairmanship of the House Interstate and Foreign Affairs Committee.<ref>''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report,'' XXV (October 20, 1967), pp. 2140-2141</ref>
Phillips opposed the since ended two-year residency requirement for voter registration, the longest of any state in the nation, having claimed that the rule was an impediment to industrial development. Phillips proposed a freeze on state employment, but Williams countered that such a move would limit the opportunities of young people.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 17, 31, 1967; ''Hattiesburg American'', November 4, 1967</ref>
Some four months after Phillips' defeat, Louisiana Republican figure [[Charlton Lyons]] of [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] waged a similar campaign with nearly equal results in his state against the successful Democratic gubernatorial nominee, [[John J. McKeithen]] of [[Columbia, Louisiana|Columbia]], Louisiana.
==1967 campaign==
In his race against Williams, Phillips had no running-mate. His previous nominee for lieutenant governor, Stanford Morse, endorsed Williams. Phillips later said that the GOP did not at the time realize the importance of offering full candidate slates.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 258</ref> The unopposed Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, Charles L. Sullivan of Clarksdale, had defeated in his party's primary Governor Paul Johnson, who ran in 1967 for his former post of lieutenant governor. At the time Mississippi governors could not succeed themselves but could sit out a term and enter the next race four years later.<ref name="ReferenceD">"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 259</ref> Sullivan earlier said that he could work with either Phillips or Williams, but he endorsed the Democratic nominee, having verbally sparred with Phillips at a meeting in [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] of the Mississippi Manufacturing Association.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', October 15, 26, 1967</ref>
[[Clarke Reed]] of [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]], who succeeded Yerger as state chairman in 1966, recalled that Phillips did not wish to run for governor again in 1967 but was persuaded to do so my party leaders in need of a candidate though there was little expectation of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/html_use/A-0113.html|title=Interview with Clarke Reed|publisher=docsouth.unc.edu|accessdate=May 12, 2014}}</ref> For his second race, Phillips shed his past segregationist image and ran to the middle, as had Williams' unsuccessful primary opponent, state Treasurer [[William Winter (politician)|William F. Winter]], who ultimately won the governorship in 1979. ''Time'' magazine called Phillips "an erstwhile segregationist who this year appealed for an end to the racial rancor."<ref>''Time'', XC (November 17, 1967), p. 29</ref> Phillips later said that his moderate stance hurt the Republicans at that time but that the party since "benefited from the things we did."<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
In a television address, Phillips reaffirmed his belief in segregation but spoke in conciliatory language toward African Americans:
<blockquote>The influence of race ... is so dominant that it is utterly unrealistic to expect any significant progress in such vital fields as education, economic development, and federal-state relations until we have brought the race issue out into the open and begun, at least begun, to deal with it effectively. ... I advocate spending money to develop our underdeveloped human resources ... with the expectation of getting all that money back ... With [[God]]'s held and your help, I will bring peace and harmony and material progress to Mississippi.<ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald,' October 4, 1967.</ref></blockquote>
''The Meridian Star'' charged that Phillips had "made it plain that he is no conservative. He is a member of the Republican Party, not just here ... but at the national level."<ref>''The Meridian Star'', October 13, 1967.</ref> ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger'' judged Phillips' in his second race as "a weak candidate with a weak pitch" and correctly termed his prospects as virtually "hopeless."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 18, 1967.</ref>
Phillips urged a "long-range master plan for education" and the reinstatement of compulsory attendance, which had been repealed in 1958.<ref>''The Meridian Star,'' October 17, 1963; estimates were that 84,000 pupils were not attending school in Mississippi in 1967.</ref> Phillips questioned the need of the Mississippi Milk Commission, which he said kept the price of milk artificially too high.<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 10, 1967.</ref>
Presidential politics played some role in the 1967 campaign, as Williams stressed his friendship with former Governor [[George Wallace]] of Alabama, who was preparing for an independent presidential candidacy in 1968. Phillips countered that only a Republican, perhaps Richard Nixon or Governor [[Ronald W. Reagan]] of [[California]], could defeat a national Democratic presidential nominee. Reagan cut a campaign commercial for Phillips; [[Maureen Reagan]] made some twenty appearances on Phillips' behalf at various places in the state.<ref>''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report,'' XXV (November 10, 1967), pp. 2295-2296; ''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' September 23, 1967</ref> Neighboring Governor [[Winthrop Rockefeller]] of [[Arkansas]], younger brother of [[Nelson Rockefeller]], spoke in Corinth and assisted Phillips in fundraising. Phillips raised $300,000 in the 1967 race.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' November 1, 1967.</ref>
Williams rejected Phillips' pleas for debates, as had Paul Johnson in 1963. In fact, the congressman spent few days on the general election campaign trail and urged friends "to do the campaigning for me."<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 25, 28, 1967; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 28, 1967</ref> Williams, who had lost the lower part of his left arm while serving in the [[United States Army]] Air Corps during World War II, was hospitalized during the campaign with a leg ailment, which also stemmed from war injuries.<ref>''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' October 25, 1963.</ref> At a $40 per person fundraiser attended by some five thousand and hosted by the state's congressional delegation, Williams vowed to "destroy that Republican crowd so bad that they won't be able to find a Rubel in the rubble."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 31, 1967.</ref>
Phillips obtained the endorsement of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, which sent a rival delegation to the 1964 national party convention in [[Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]]. The Freedom Democrats backed Phillips because he had expressed his own doubts that Williams as governor would be able to fight the desegregation policies of the then [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare]].<ref>''U.S. News and World Report,'' LXII (November 20, 1967), p. 35.</ref>
As in 1963, the ''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' endorsed Phillips in 1967, having hailed his racial-moderation speech as "frank, honest, courageous ... the unvarnished truth."<ref name="autogenerated1967">''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' November 5, 1967</ref> The paper claimed that Phillips had abandoned the earlier GOP efforts to "out-Dixiecrat the Dixiecrats," a reference to [[Strom Thurmond]]'s 1948 presidential campaign.<ref name="autogenerated1967"/> An unidentified Republican told ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' that the GOP had "thrown off the tag of being a racist, segregationist party in the South." <ref>''U.S. News and World Report,'' November 20, 1967, p. 35.</ref>
==1967 election results==
Phillips was rudely treated during his appearance at the Tri-State Fair in Greenville<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times,'' October 5, 1967.</ref> even though Washington County gave him his best vote in the state in both 1963 (61 percent) and 1967 (49.7 percent). Overall, Phillips received only 133,379 votes (29.7 percent), 5,136 fewer than in 1963. Williams polled 315,318 votes.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1967.</ref> One Republican told ''Time'' magazine that the results had halted Republican growth in Mississippi by probably fifteen years.<ref>''Time Magazine,'' November 17, 1967, p. 29.</ref> The GOP lost its three seats in the Mississippi legislature. Republican Representative Lewis McAllister, Jr., was among those defeated though he polled a majority within the boundaries of his former Meridian-based district. Two others who lost their seats were state Senator Seelig Wise and Representative Charles Pringle. A rare Republican victory was the election of Roy Fulton as a supervisor in Washington County. Even the Republican coroner in Hinds County, Dr. Thomas Davis, was swept from office in the Williams landslide. Phillips wired Williams to offer congratulations and support for what he called the new governor's "every progressive endeavor."<ref>''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 262.</ref>
The Mississippi GOP slowly rebounded from Phillips' defeat. Five years later in 1972, two Republicans, [[Thad Cochran]] and [[Trent Lott]], were elected to the U.S. House and both eventually became influential U.S. Senators as well. Senator Lott was succeeded by another Republican still in office, [[Roger Wicker]]. The GOP did not offer a gubernatorial candidate in 1971 but has done so in all elections since 1975. The party nominee did not prevail until 1991, with the victory of the late Kirk Fordice. Since Fordice's two terms, [[Haley Barbour]] has also served two terms as governor. In 2012, a third Republican, [[Phil Bryant]], assumed the office. In the 2011 elections and steps down in 2020. Republicans also won control of both houses of the legislature, advances unimaginable at the time of Rubel Phillips' second gubernatorial defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enterprise-journal.com/opinion/article_db724200-9c46-11e0-8a04-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Editorial: "How Times Have Changed"|publisher=enterprise-journal.com|accessdate=December 1, 2011}}</ref>
==Legal troubles==
Phillips did not again seek public office but remained a long-term financial backer of the Mississippi GOP. He subsequently became an officer of the Stirling Homex Corporation, which manufactured housing modules and sought to locate a plant in Harrison County.<ref>''[[The New York Times]].'' January 30, 1977; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' April 3, 1980.</ref> The New York-based firm went bankrupt in 1972. Phillips and four other company officers were indicted and tried on charges of [[conspiracy]] and fraud in the sale of $40 million worth of stock. Four of the officers, including Phillips, were found guilty of falsely inflating earnings reports and deceiving investors, auditors, and the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref>''Infobase Publishing: Facts on File'', XXXVII (February 12, 1977), p. 751; ''The New York Times,'' January 30, 1977.</ref> Phillips was fined $5,000 and received a ten-month sentence imposed by Judge Marvin E. Frankel.<ref>''The New York Times,'' March 12, 1977; ''Facts on File, XXXVII (March 19, 1977), p. 203; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' April 3, 1980.</ref> In 1978, the [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear appeals by the defendants and left intact their fines and sentences.<ref>''Facts on File,'' XXXVIII (October 6, 1978), p. 751.</ref> In 1980, Phillips was disbarred by the Mississippi Supreme Court, which rejected a suspension as proposed in 1979 by a special state bar tribunal.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', April 3, 1980</ref> Phillips was permitted to seek reinstatement to the bar in September 1982 and thereafter resumed the practice of corporate law in Jackson.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Leger,'' May 15, 1980; ''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 263.</ref>
==Legacy==
Phillips's two gubernatorial campaigns breathed new life into a previously moribund state Republican Party, which had settled for meager federal tronage]] available when a Republican occupied the [[White House]]. Phillips also fired the first ammunition which would make the general election, rather than the Democratic runoff primary, the principal contest in his state. He also showed that a Republican could obtain black support though there were relatively few African American voters in Mississippi during his time in the political spotlight. ''The 'Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' wrote that:
<blockquote> ... History will record in the general election campaign of 1967 as the moment when the old order's death knell was finally sounded in clear, loud tones within the state's borders. It will be to Rubel Phillips' eternal credit that he was the man who tolled that knell.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', October 5, 1967; this assessment was made a month before the general election in which Phillips polled less than 30 percent of the ballots cast.</ref></blockquote>
Jim Herring, a Canton attorney and a former state chairman of the Mississippi Republican Party, attended the second annual Pioneer Dinner of the Mississippi GOP, held in Jackson in 2010. He paid tribute to Phillips, who was too ill to attend the affair:
<blockquote>Rubel was a true pioneer of the Mississippi Republican Party. He was the first to 'step up' in his race for governor and publicly put his economic interests and his reputation on the line for a cause greater {{sic|then}} himself. He was and is a great man, who has to this day remained active in the Mississippi Republican Party. We Mississippi Republicans owe him, and we owe him big.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jim-herring.blogspot.com/2010/05/rubel-phillips-gil-carmichael-and-jack.html|title=Rubel Phillips, Gil Carmichael and Jack Reed|publisher=jim-herring.blogspot.com|accessdate=December 2, 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
Phillips died in retirement at the age of eighty-six in Ridgeland in Madison County near Jackson, some five months before his party in 2011 swept most statewide elections and won majorities in the legislature. He was survived by his wife, the former Margaret James, whom he married c. 1955; two sons, Rubel Phillips, Jr., and wife Melinda of [[Virginia]], and Dr. William James Phillips and wife Alison of Jackson, Mississippi; two granddaughters, and two brothers, William Maurice Phillips and wife Joan of Corinth, Mississippi, and Frank Price Phillips of [[Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]. Services were held on June 22, 2011, in Jackson at the Northminster Baptist Church. Interment followed at the Shiloh [[Presbyterian Church in the United States|Presbyterian]] Church Cemetery in Alcorn County.<ref name=obit/>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Rubel}}
[[Category:Mississippi]]
[[Category:Attorneys]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Former Democrats]]
[[Category:Republicans]]
[[Category:Baptists]]
[[Category:United States Navy]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Criminals]]
|name=Rubel Lex Phillips =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office=[[Mississippi]] Public Service Commissioner
| term_start=1956
| term_end=1959
| succeeded=Thomas Hal Phillips
| birth_date=March 29, 1925
| birth_place=Kossuth, Alcorn County<br> Mississippi, USA
| death_date=June 18, 2011 (aged 86)
| death_place=Ridgeland, Mississippi
| resting_place=Shiloh [[Presbyterian]] Church Cemetery in Alcorn County
| profession=[[Attorney]]<br>
[[United States Navy]] in [[World War II]]
| party=[[Democratic Party|Democrat]] (until 1963)<br>[[Republican Party|Republican]] (after 1963)
|residence=[[Jackson]], Mississippi]]
|religion=[[Baptist]]
|spouse=Margaret James Phillips (married ca. 1955–2011, his death)
|children=Rubel Phillips, Jr.<br>
Dr. William James Phillips
|alma_mater=Millsaps College<br>[[University of Mississippi]] School of Law<br>
Downing College, Cambridge
}}
'''Rubel Lex Phillips, Sr.''' (March 29, 1925 – June 18, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi|title=Social Security Death Index|publisher=ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=December 8, 2011}}</ref>) was an [[attorney]], [[business]]man, and [[politician]] from [[Mississippi]] best known for his losing [[Republican Party|Republican]] [[governor of Mississippi|gubernatorial]] campaigns of 1963 and 1967.<ref name=obit>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/clarionledger/obituary.aspx?n=rubel-phillips&pid=152099370 |title=Rubel Phillips Obituary|publisher=''Jackson Clarion Ledger''|date=June 20, 2011|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
Previously, as a [[Democratic Party|Democrat]], Phillips was a circuit court] clerk in Alcorn County in northeastern Mississippi and a member and chairman of the Mississippi Public Service Commission from 1956 to 1959. By 1963, he had switched parties to become only the third Republican since 1877 to seek his state's governorship. Phillips ran on the slogan of "K.O. the Kennedys",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cresswellslist.com/ballots2/phillips.htm|title=K.O. The Kennedys! The 1963 Rubel Phillips Campaign in Mississippi|publisher=cresswellslist.com|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> even though he had backed [[U.S. Senator]] [[John F. Kennedy]] for the presidency in 1960 over the Republican [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Richard M. Nixon]]. Phillips, with 38 percent of the ballots cast, lost to Democrat Paul Burney Johnson, Jr., the son of a former Governor Paul Johnson, Sr. That election was held barely two weeks prior to the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]] of President Kennedy in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]].
In 1967, Phillips ran as a [[Moderate Republican]] but lost decisively to the [[conservative]] Democrat [[John Bell Williams]], a [[U.S. representative]].
==Background==
Phillips was born to William T. Phillips and the former Ollie Fare in the village of Kossuth near Corinth, the seat of government for Alcorn County. He graduated in 1943 from Alcorn Agricultural High School in Kossuth. Thereafter, he enlisted in the [[United States Navy]] in which he served for four years in the Pacific Ocean Theater of Operationsduring [[World War II]] and, then, with the post-war occupation. Phillips also retained a commission in the Navy Reserve, from which he retired at the rank of commander in 1963.<ref name=obit/>
He graduated, first, from Millsaps College, a [[United Methodist]] [[liberal arts]] institution in the capital city of [[Jackson]], then the [[University of Mississippi]]School of Law in Oxford. In 1956, Phillips was named an "Outstanding Alumnus" of Millsaps College. In 1959, he and later Lieutenant Governor Charles L. Sullivan were named among the "Outstanding Young Men of the Year" by the Mississippi Jaycees. He was formerly active in Kiwanis International.<ref name=obit/>
In 1958, he entered the private practice of law in Jackson with the firm Overstreet, Kuykendall, Perry and Phillips. He was subsequently a senior partner in the reorganized firm, Perry, Phillips, Crockett and Morrison. From 1979 until 1990, Phillips was retained as a consultant and attorney for Mobile Communications Corporation of America, later MobileComm, a subsidiary of BellSouth. In 1993, he was accepted into the Master of Laws program at [[Cambridge University]]'s Downing College in Cambridge, [[England]].<ref name=obit/>
Formerly a member of the First [[Baptist]] Church of Jackson, Mississippi, Phillips later was among five founding members of Northminster Baptist Church, at which he was the first chairman of the deacon board and taught the men's [[Sunday school]] class. He was a fundraiser for his alma mater, Millsaps College and the St. Andrew's Episcopal School, also located in Jackson.<ref name=obit/>
==Switching to the GOP==
Though Phillips had endorsed [[Adlai Stevenson]] for president in 1956 against the Republican incumbent [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Kennedy over Nixon in 1960, he left the Democrats in 1963 to run for governor as the Republican nominee in a bid to succeed the term-limited Ross H. Barnett, who had fought the [[Segregation|desegregation]] in 1962 of the University of Mississippi. Phillips faced the Democratic nominee Paul Johnson, who was nearly as outspoken in defense of segregation as his predecessor, Barnett.<ref>Billy Hathorn, "Challenging the Status Quo: Rubel Lex Phillips and the Mississippi Republican Party (1963-1967)," ''The Journal of Mississippi History'' XLVII, November 1985, No. 4, pp. 240-242.</ref>
Bidwell Adam, a former lieutenant governor under segregationist Governor [[Theodore Bilbo]] and the Democratic state chairman in Mississippi at the time, said that Phillips had contacted him in 1962 to seek backing for a potential Democratic campaign for governor.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' October 16, 1963; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 24, 1963.</ref> Paul Johnson then claimed that Phillips had become "an overnight Republican" after failure to acquire financial support in a primary with a large open field. Johnson said that Phillips had been "anointed by Squirt Yerger in a Jackson hotel room," a reference to Republican chairman Wirt Adams Yerger, Jr., who served from 1956 to 1966.<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 16, 24, 1963; ''The Meridian Star'', October 9, 1963.</ref> the first Republican candidate since 1947, when a former governor of [[Nebraska]], George L. Sheldon, polled 2.5 percent of the Mississippi gubernatorial general election vote.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1947.</ref>
Johnson and Adam questioned the new Republican's dedication to segregation by noting that as the clerk of Alcorn County from 1952 to 1956 Phillips had supervised the registration of more [[African-American]] voters than had been permitted in most other Mississippi counties at that time.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' November 4, 1963.</ref> The pair stressed Phillips' support for Adlai Stevenson in 1956 and Kennedy in 1960. They too had also backed Stevenson over Eisenhower but supported the unpledged electors which carried Mississippi (and half of [[Alabama]]) in 1960 over the Kennedy and Nixon electoral slates.<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 16 and November 4, 1963.</ref>
Johnson and Adam uncovered a 1956 memorandum in which Phillips declared that Adlai Stevenson was:
<blockquote>the only hope for the South. Although he is considered by many a moderate, that is at least a step in the right direction by us. It is my view that those of us who are taking a moderate course in respect to all social legislation will be recognized ten years from now as having taken the only practical course for people who believe in progressive [it is unclear what Phillips meant about the use of the word "progressive"] government.
It is essential that intelligent and cool-thinking people remain in office even though it occasionally means that they have to give tacit support to measures they do not believe to be sound. There will be times that I, as chairman of the Public Service Commission, will have to take positions that I do not believe to be either sound or right, but if I sacrifice whatever opportunities I may have to do something important in the future for a point of minor significance, then I will have been of benefit to no one. That is a painful admission for anyone in public office. ... nevertheless, if we are ambitious, we have to make it.<ref>Memorandum from Rubel Phillips on Public Service Commission stationery, March 1, 1956, reprinted in ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 15, 1963</ref></blockquote>
Chairman Adam warned Democratic officeholders prophetically that a strong GOP showing in 1963 would encourage Republicans to contest future races on a regular basis and could in time threaten the state's solidly Democratic congressional delegation. Adam also accused Phillips and his running-mate for lieutenant governor, state Senator Stanford E. Morse, Jr., of Gulfport, another Democrat-turned-Republican, of having confused voters by omitting the word "Republican" from their campaign materials.<ref>''the Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' October 11, 16, 1963; ''[[The New York Times]],'' October 26, 1963.</ref>
==Racial politics==
With his "K.O. the Kennedys" slogan, Phillips attempted to present himself as a more determined segregationist than his rival, Paul Johnson. In a statewide television broadcast, Phillips said that he had concluded that only Republicans could offer a realistic challenge to the national Democrats.<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 3, 1963</ref> Phillips' segregationist views were confirmed by the historian [[James Silver|James W. Silver]] of the University of Mississippi, who quoted the Republican candidate as having told students in 1962 that the Kennedy administration was being "run by incompetents and [[communism|communist]] sympathizers."<ref>James W. Silver] ''Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York, 1966), p. 45.</ref> Silver added that Phillips had called [[United States Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]] "a little juvenile" who had "declared war on Mississippi, and he will demand unconditional surrender."<ref>Silver, p. 45.</ref>
In Meadville, Phillips remarked, "I was born a segregationist, I am for segregation now, and I will be for segregation when I die."<ref>''The Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' October 17, 1963; ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 22, 1963.</ref> Phillips said that opponents who branded him a "closet integrationist" were deceptive: "noting could be further from the truth."<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 22, 1963</ref> Phillips said "the one-party system ... gave us John and Bobby Kennedy and the integration of our state's university."<ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'' (since the ''Sun Herald''), September 3, 1963; ''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 4, 1963.</ref>
Phillips accused outgoing Governor Barnett and Democratic opponent Paul Johnson of "rooster fighting with U.S. marshals" in the 1962 desegregation crisis, which ended in the enrollment of [[James Meredith]] as the first African American student and subsequent Ole Miss graduate. Phillips said that Barnett and Johnson had merely tricked voters by staging their opposition to desegregation and that Johnson was the "Kennedy candidate" in the race.<ref>'The 'Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' September 7, 1963.</ref>
Until the 1960s, Mississippians had known no alternative to segregation, and many linked the separation of the races to the Bible. Governor Barnett, like Phillips a Baptist Sunday school teacher, declared "The Good Lord was the original segregationist. He put the black man in [[Africa]]. ... He made us white because he wanted us white, and He intended that we should stay that way."<ref>''The Memphis Commercial Appeal,'' September 12, 1963.</ref> Barnett said that Mississippi had the largest percent of African Americans because "they love our way of life here, and that way is segregation."<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' September 25, 1963.</ref><ref>Silver, ''The Closed Society,'' pp. 273-74.</ref>
==Two-party political dissent==
In its endorsement of Paul Johnson, the ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'' urged voters "not to play with fire" and ignite the birth of a two-party system, which would lead to a political division among whites along partisan and economic lines.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', November 4, 1963</ref> Johnson called the two-party concept "a political rendezvous with death."<ref name="ReferenceB">''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 16, 1963</ref> At a pre-election rally in Jackson, Barnett urged Mississippi Democrats to "push out this Republican threat" and added that he was "fed up with these fence-riding, pussy-footing, snow-digging Yankee Republicans."<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 16, 1963; ''Time Magazine,'' October 25, 1963, p. 29.</ref>
The ''[[Hattiesburg American]]'' echoed the Democratic contention that the primary beneficiaries of a two-party system would be the then "920,000 Negroes who dwell here."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 7, 1963</ref> ''The American'' denounced Republican leaders [[Barry M. Goldwater]] of [[Arizona]] and [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], rivals for the party's 1964 presidential nomination, for their common membership in the [[National Urban League]] and the [[NAACP]]. ''The American'' also criticized then freshman [[U.S. Representative]] [[Robert Taft, Jr.]], son of the late conservative [[U.S. Senator]] [[Robert A. Taft]] of [[Ohio]], for having remarked that "no segregationist belongs on a Republican ticket or even in the party."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 24, 1963</ref> An advertisement carried in the ''Jackson Daily News'' linked white Republicans with "modern [[scalawag]]s," a reference to southern whites who cooperated with [[carpetbagger]]s during [[Reconstruction era in the United States|Reconstruction]]."<ref>''Jackson Daily News,'' October 15, 1963</ref>
Phillips defended the two-party format on the grounds that competition can produce excellence and questioned how competitive general elections would be "dangerous" because white voters had for years been divided in contentious Democratic primary runoff elections.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 18, 1963; ''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'', September 20, 1963</ref> Phillips stressed that in the 1850s, when Mississippi Democrats faced competition from [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], the state ranked fifth nationally in per capita income. Like Johnson, Phillips felt compelled to denounce the [[Radical Republicans|Radical]] Reconstruction policies of the 1860s and 1870s.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Gilbert L. "Gil" Carmichael]], a Meridian businessman who managed Phillips' 1963 campaign in Lauderdale County and was later the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1972 against [[James Eastland]] and then for governor in 1975 and 1979, said in a civic club debate that he found it:
<blockquote> ... peculiar to defend something I have always taken for granted ... Who, a few years ago, would have thought it possible to have reached the point ... where it is necessary to defend the human right to a choice? ... I fear that the state Democratic Party is unwittingly being used as a tool for the same goals of the national party. ... Today, the majority of whites of this state are not one-party Democrats but true independents -- and they are glad that there is the beginning of a second party -- so they can have a real choice.<ref>''The Meridian Star,'' October 1, 1963.</ref></blockquote>
''The Vicksburg Evening Post'' deplored the campaign invective and claimed that "demagoguery is replacing logic, and that appeals to passion and prejudice far outweight any effort to discuss intelligently the problems and future of our state."<ref>''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' October 21, 1963.</ref> ''The Greenville Delta Democrat-Times]],'' then published by Hodding Carter, II, a Kennedy supporter but a critic of the state Democratic Party, endorsed Phillips:
<blockquote>Democrats see clearly that the Republican Party, once it gains power in Mississippi, will offer the kind of effective outlet for the feelings of most Mississippians that the isolated state Democrats (who renounce any connection with the national party) can never hope to produce. All that the state Democratic Party can offer is another four years of frustrated political impotence in national affairs and a never-never land existence within the state's borders.<ref>''[[Delta Democrat Times|Greenville Delta Democrat-Times]],'' September 5, 1963.</ref></blockquote>
''[[The New York Times]]'' concluded that Phillips' potential for an upset rested with "an unlikely coalition of Goldwater Republicans and Democrats who range in viewpoint from middle-of-the-road to liberal."<ref name="ReferenceC">''The New York Time,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> The state [[AFL-CIO]], then with some fifty thousand members, endorsed Phillips despite his support of the Mississippi [[right-to-work]] law. Labor president Claude E. Ramsay of Pascagoula on the Gulf Coast denounced the Barnett-Johnson administration as "the most corrupt and irresponsible in the state's history" and supported Phillips' proposed educational reform, civil service merit system, and opposition to an increase in the state [[sales tax]].<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963; Gary M. Fink, ed., ''Biographical Directory of U.S. Labor Leaders'' (Westport, [[Connecticut]], 1974), pp. 297-98; ''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> Johnson said that he was not disturbed by Ramsay's "false prophet" endorsement: "Everyone has known Ramsay to have a tendency toward integration."<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963.</ref><ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald,'' October 30, 1963.</ref>
Several moderate Democrats endorsed Phillips, many of whom had supported former Governor James P. Coleman, Barnett's predecessor in the office, and a loser to Paul Johnson in an attempted comeback in the 1963 Democratic primary. When Phillips resigned from the Public Service Commission in 1959, Coleman appointed Phillips' older brother, the author Thomas Hal Phillips, to the remaining portion of the term.<ref>''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 22, 1963.</ref><ref>''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref> Hal Phillips was his brother's gubernatorial campaign manager in the 1963 election.
==1963 campaign activities==
Both candidates used country musicians in their campaigns. Phillips declared himself a "redneck", and the Republicans sang to the tune of "Reuben, Reuben", the refrain, "Rubel, Rubel, We're all rebels, Fighting for our native land, Against the Kennedy carpetbaggers, Bobby, Jack, and all the clan."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The Democrats used a song composed by Houston Davis of Jackson: "Rubel, Rubel, little Rubel, Poor misguided Democrat, when it comes to the final test, The GOP will leave you flat. ..."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 24, 1963.</ref>
Phillips said he spent $500,000 on the first gubernatorial campaign.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 202.</ref> Democrats claimed that the [[New York City]] investment banker Nelson Trimble Levings, who owned a plantation in Mississippi and had opposed Senator Bilbo in the 1946 Democratic primary, was dispatching Rockefeller cash to Phillips, a point the GOP denied.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Johnson carried the backing of the Mississippi Municipal Association, which consisted of most of the state's Democratic mayors. That endorsement prompted Phillips to cancel a scheduled appearance before the group.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', September 12, 1963; Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald'', September 4, 11, 1963; ''The New York Times,'' October 26, 1963.</ref>
Johnson refused to debate Phillips and expressed irritation over the fact that he was the first Democrat nominee since 1947 to have Republican opposition. [[Carroll Gartin]], the former lieutenant governor seeking to regain the position on Johnson's ticket, declared Phillips' candidacy "a great disservice" to the state because "everyone had a chance to run as a Democrat."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', October 9, 1963</ref> ''The Jackson Daily News'' similarly declared it a "nuisance" to hold a general election after two all-encompassing Democratic primaries.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 16, 1963</ref>
In [[Water Valley, Mississippi]] in northern Mississippi, Phillips challenged Johnson's proposal to change election laws, suggesting that his rival would create "a dictatorship ... so Republicans and [[Independent (politics)|Independents]] cannot run for office."<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Unlike neighboring [[Louisiana]], which in 1975 abolished one of the three elections in the cycle, the Mississippi legislature never revised the state's election law. Some had argued that such a change might hamper efforts to recruit northern industries into the South.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 28, 1967.</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', April 12 and May 10–14, 1964.</ref>
The gubernatorial contest was a prelude to the 1964 national election in Mississippi. Governor Paul Johnson at first, in an appearance in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], endorsed "free electors" for 1964, a move strongly opposed by Republicans. I. Lee Potter of [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]], chairman of the GOP's "Operation Dixie" said, "The South has been that route before. It didn't work, can't work."<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 6, 1963.</ref>
Ultimately, Johnson endorsed Goldwater over [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], but he was critical of the Republican Party in making the selection. Bidwell Adam called Goldwater "a true Republican where the dollar is involved" but not really "a conservative as to the social revolutions being forced by judicial edicts and bayonets at the hands of ruthless dictatorships."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 28, 1963.</ref>
Goldwater's position on the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], which serves northeastern Mississippi, prompted Phillips to distance himself from the senator on that issue.<ref>''The New York Times,'' November 5, 1963.</ref> Formerly known as "the young firebrand from the [[Gulf Coast]]," Adam was elected lieutenant governor in 1927 at the age of thirty-three. Wirt Yerger recalled him in later years as "an old-line, redneck Democrat who literally hated Republicans or the thought of any Republican in public office." Still Adam endorsed Goldwater in 1964 and Nixon in 1972.<ref>''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 255.</ref>
Bidwell Adam declared that Paul Johnson "towers like the giants of the forest above the man (Phillips) who is grazing in the pastures of filth." He predicted voters would give Phillips "the brass ring of political ingratitude that he so richly deserves" and claimed that Phillips would be "buried in a political boneyard of forgotten men."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 31, 1963.</ref> Phillips later recalled that he and Adam "buried the hatchet and became warm friends" after that campaign when they worked together on the same side in a lawsuit.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 255.</ref>
The campaign featured an exchange between GOP chairman Yerger and Senator James Eastland, who missed nearly thirty roll call votes while in Mississippi to campaign for Paul Johnson. In 1966, Wirt Yerger resigned as GOP chairman and considered challenging Eastland until U.S. Representative [[Prentiss Walker]] of [[Mize, Mississippi|Mize]] entered the race. Years later, Yerger said that Walker's decision to relinquish his House seat after one term for the vagaries of a Senate race was "very devastating" to the growth of the Mississippi GOP.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 256</ref>
In [[Parchman, Mississippi|Parchman]] in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi|Sunflower County]], Phillips declared the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]] "a disgrace" and called for a constitutional board "free of politics to exercise responsible leadership" at the institution then known for brutal practices. Phillips recounted the case of inmate Kimble Berry, serving time for [[manslaughter]] who was granted leave in 1961 by acting Governor Johnson but showed up in a [[Cadillac]] in [[Massachusetts]] claiming he had been authorized to recover [[burglary]] loot.<ref>''Memphis Commercial Appeal'', October 24, 1963.</ref><ref>''Meridian Star'', October 11, 1963.</ref>
==1963 election results==
In a 64 percent turnout, Johnson defeated Phillips, 225,456 votes (62 percent) to 138,515 (38 percent). Gartin received 258,857 (74 percent) to Stanford Morse's 90,948 (26 percent) in the race for lieutenant governor. Phillips carried seven counties, ranging from [[Washington County, Mississippi|Washington]] (61 percent) to [[Jones County, Mississippi|Jones]] (50.6 percent). Phillips received 53 percent in [[Harrison County, Mississippi|Harrison County]] and 44.7 percent in both his native Alcorn and in [[Hinds County, Mississippi|Hinds County]], which includes the capital city of Jackson, where he spent the major part of his life.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1963</ref>
''The Clarion-Ledger'' declared prematurely that "the handwriting is plain for all to see -- the Magnolia State wants nothing to do with the two-party system."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', November 7, 1963</ref> Ungracious in victory, Adam telegraphed Yerger that since the GOP had been "electrocuted, will you please advise the date and place you will deliver the funeral oration?"<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', November 6, 1963</ref> Phillips in defeat said his new party had "lost a battle ... we have not lost the war. We now know that we have a strong two-party system."<ref>''Hattiesburg American'', November 6, 1963; ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'', November 18, 1963, p. 46</ref> Years later, chairman Wirt Yerger said that Phillips might have run stronger had he endorsed legalized liquor sales. A 1963 poll found that 75 percent of Mississippi voters wanted to end statewide [[prohibition]], something not achieved until 1966. Mississippi was the last state with prohibition. Yerger said that the validity of the survey was unclear.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 257</ref>
Three Republicans were elected to full legislative terms in 1963 to the state legislature: Representatives [[Lewis McAllister|Lewis Leslie McAllister, Jr.]], a businessman from Meridian who had first won a [[special election]] in 1962, and attorney [[Charles K. Pringle]] of [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]], and State Senator [[Seelig Wise]]<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 242, 262</ref> of [[Clarksdale, Mississippi|Clarksdale]], who represented [[Coahoma County, Mississippi|Coahoma]], [[Tunica County, Mississippi|Tunica]], and [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman]] counties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pressregister.com/article_b087cf45-a5b0-5c9e-b798-4dd9cf620d9f.html|title=Seelig Bartel "Bushie" Wise, September 7, 2004|newspaper=[[Clarksdale Press Register]]|accessdate=May 10, 2014}}</ref>
The ''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' urged Republicans to run candidates in all future elections. "Within the next decade, the Republicans ... will be on par with the Democrats. When that day arrives, the GOP will look back on this election as the real starting point."<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', November 4, 1963</ref> The paper claimed that Phillips faced the opposition of "virtually every Democratic officeholder as well as the crushing weight of the state's one-party tradition. In the face of these odds, the showing was even more amazing."<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', November 6, 1963</ref>
Goldwater's 87 percent victory in Mississippi, accomplished the year prior to passage of the [[Voting Rights Act]], was accompanied by the upset victory of Prentiss Walker to Congress. In 1965, Republicans won mayoral positions in Hattiesburg and [[Columbus, Mississippi|Columbus]] and lost narrowly in [[Laurel, Mississippi|Laurel]] and [[Clarksdale, Mississippi|Clarksdale]].<ref>''The New York Times'', June 9, 10, 1965</ref> The gains from 1964 and 1965 were halted in 1966 and 1967. The Democrat [[Gillespie V. Montgomery|G. V. "Sonny" Montgomery]] reclaimed Walker's House seat and held it for thirty years. Phillips ran again for governor in 1967 as a moderate candidate against the more conservative Democratic nominee John Bell Williams, who along with [[Albert Watson (South Carolina)|Albert W. Watson]] of [[South Carolina]] had been stripped of congressional seniority in 1965 for having endorsed Goldwater for president. Williams specifically was denied the chairmanship of the House Interstate and Foreign Affairs Committee.<ref>''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report,'' XXV (October 20, 1967), pp. 2140-2141</ref>
Phillips opposed the since ended two-year residency requirement for voter registration, the longest of any state in the nation, having claimed that the rule was an impediment to industrial development. Phillips proposed a freeze on state employment, but Williams countered that such a move would limit the opportunities of young people.<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 17, 31, 1967; ''Hattiesburg American'', November 4, 1967</ref>
Some four months after Phillips' defeat, Louisiana Republican figure [[Charlton Lyons]] of [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] waged a similar campaign with nearly equal results in his state against the successful Democratic gubernatorial nominee, [[John J. McKeithen]] of [[Columbia, Louisiana|Columbia]], Louisiana.
==1967 campaign==
In his race against Williams, Phillips had no running-mate. His previous nominee for lieutenant governor, Stanford Morse, endorsed Williams. Phillips later said that the GOP did not at the time realize the importance of offering full candidate slates.<ref>"Challenging the Status Quo," p. 258</ref> The unopposed Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor, Charles L. Sullivan of Clarksdale, had defeated in his party's primary Governor Paul Johnson, who ran in 1967 for his former post of lieutenant governor. At the time Mississippi governors could not succeed themselves but could sit out a term and enter the next race four years later.<ref name="ReferenceD">"Challenging the Status Quo", p. 259</ref> Sullivan earlier said that he could work with either Phillips or Williams, but he endorsed the Democratic nominee, having verbally sparred with Phillips at a meeting in [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] of the Mississippi Manufacturing Association.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', October 15, 26, 1967</ref>
[[Clarke Reed]] of [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]], who succeeded Yerger as state chairman in 1966, recalled that Phillips did not wish to run for governor again in 1967 but was persuaded to do so my party leaders in need of a candidate though there was little expectation of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/html_use/A-0113.html|title=Interview with Clarke Reed|publisher=docsouth.unc.edu|accessdate=May 12, 2014}}</ref> For his second race, Phillips shed his past segregationist image and ran to the middle, as had Williams' unsuccessful primary opponent, state Treasurer [[William Winter (politician)|William F. Winter]], who ultimately won the governorship in 1979. ''Time'' magazine called Phillips "an erstwhile segregationist who this year appealed for an end to the racial rancor."<ref>''Time'', XC (November 17, 1967), p. 29</ref> Phillips later said that his moderate stance hurt the Republicans at that time but that the party since "benefited from the things we did."<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
In a television address, Phillips reaffirmed his belief in segregation but spoke in conciliatory language toward African Americans:
<blockquote>The influence of race ... is so dominant that it is utterly unrealistic to expect any significant progress in such vital fields as education, economic development, and federal-state relations until we have brought the race issue out into the open and begun, at least begun, to deal with it effectively. ... I advocate spending money to develop our underdeveloped human resources ... with the expectation of getting all that money back ... With [[God]]'s held and your help, I will bring peace and harmony and material progress to Mississippi.<ref>''Biloxi-Gulfport Daily Herald,' October 4, 1967.</ref></blockquote>
''The Meridian Star'' charged that Phillips had "made it plain that he is no conservative. He is a member of the Republican Party, not just here ... but at the national level."<ref>''The Meridian Star'', October 13, 1967.</ref> ''The Jackson Clarion-Ledger'' judged Phillips' in his second race as "a weak candidate with a weak pitch" and correctly termed his prospects as virtually "hopeless."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 18, 1967.</ref>
Phillips urged a "long-range master plan for education" and the reinstatement of compulsory attendance, which had been repealed in 1958.<ref>''The Meridian Star,'' October 17, 1963; estimates were that 84,000 pupils were not attending school in Mississippi in 1967.</ref> Phillips questioned the need of the Mississippi Milk Commission, which he said kept the price of milk artificially too high.<ref>''The Hattiesburg American,'' October 10, 1967.</ref>
Presidential politics played some role in the 1967 campaign, as Williams stressed his friendship with former Governor [[George Wallace]] of Alabama, who was preparing for an independent presidential candidacy in 1968. Phillips countered that only a Republican, perhaps Richard Nixon or Governor [[Ronald W. Reagan]] of [[California]], could defeat a national Democratic presidential nominee. Reagan cut a campaign commercial for Phillips; [[Maureen Reagan]] made some twenty appearances on Phillips' behalf at various places in the state.<ref>''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report,'' XXV (November 10, 1967), pp. 2295-2296; ''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' September 23, 1967</ref> Neighboring Governor [[Winthrop Rockefeller]] of [[Arkansas]], younger brother of [[Nelson Rockefeller]], spoke in Corinth and assisted Phillips in fundraising. Phillips raised $300,000 in the 1967 race.<ref>''Hattiesburg American,'' November 1, 1967.</ref>
Williams rejected Phillips' pleas for debates, as had Paul Johnson in 1963. In fact, the congressman spent few days on the general election campaign trail and urged friends "to do the campaigning for me."<ref>''Jackson Daily News'', October 25, 28, 1967; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', October 28, 1967</ref> Williams, who had lost the lower part of his left arm while serving in the [[United States Army]] Air Corps during World War II, was hospitalized during the campaign with a leg ailment, which also stemmed from war injuries.<ref>''Vicksburg Evening Post,'' October 25, 1963.</ref> At a $40 per person fundraiser attended by some five thousand and hosted by the state's congressional delegation, Williams vowed to "destroy that Republican crowd so bad that they won't be able to find a Rubel in the rubble."<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' October 31, 1967.</ref>
Phillips obtained the endorsement of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, which sent a rival delegation to the 1964 national party convention in [[Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]]. The Freedom Democrats backed Phillips because he had expressed his own doubts that Williams as governor would be able to fight the desegregation policies of the then [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare]].<ref>''U.S. News and World Report,'' LXII (November 20, 1967), p. 35.</ref>
As in 1963, the ''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' endorsed Phillips in 1967, having hailed his racial-moderation speech as "frank, honest, courageous ... the unvarnished truth."<ref name="autogenerated1967">''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' November 5, 1967</ref> The paper claimed that Phillips had abandoned the earlier GOP efforts to "out-Dixiecrat the Dixiecrats," a reference to [[Strom Thurmond]]'s 1948 presidential campaign.<ref name="autogenerated1967"/> An unidentified Republican told ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'' that the GOP had "thrown off the tag of being a racist, segregationist party in the South." <ref>''U.S. News and World Report,'' November 20, 1967, p. 35.</ref>
==1967 election results==
Phillips was rudely treated during his appearance at the Tri-State Fair in Greenville<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times,'' October 5, 1967.</ref> even though Washington County gave him his best vote in the state in both 1963 (61 percent) and 1967 (49.7 percent). Overall, Phillips received only 133,379 votes (29.7 percent), 5,136 fewer than in 1963. Williams polled 315,318 votes.<ref>State of Mississippi, Election Statistics, 1967.</ref> One Republican told ''Time'' magazine that the results had halted Republican growth in Mississippi by probably fifteen years.<ref>''Time Magazine,'' November 17, 1967, p. 29.</ref> The GOP lost its three seats in the Mississippi legislature. Republican Representative Lewis McAllister, Jr., was among those defeated though he polled a majority within the boundaries of his former Meridian-based district. Two others who lost their seats were state Senator Seelig Wise and Representative Charles Pringle. A rare Republican victory was the election of Roy Fulton as a supervisor in Washington County. Even the Republican coroner in Hinds County, Dr. Thomas Davis, was swept from office in the Williams landslide. Phillips wired Williams to offer congratulations and support for what he called the new governor's "every progressive endeavor."<ref>''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 262.</ref>
The Mississippi GOP slowly rebounded from Phillips' defeat. Five years later in 1972, two Republicans, [[Thad Cochran]] and [[Trent Lott]], were elected to the U.S. House and both eventually became influential U.S. Senators as well. Senator Lott was succeeded by another Republican still in office, [[Roger Wicker]]. The GOP did not offer a gubernatorial candidate in 1971 but has done so in all elections since 1975. The party nominee did not prevail until 1991, with the victory of the late Kirk Fordice. Since Fordice's two terms, [[Haley Barbour]] has also served two terms as governor. In 2012, a third Republican, [[Phil Bryant]], assumed the office. In the 2011 elections and steps down in 2020. Republicans also won control of both houses of the legislature, advances unimaginable at the time of Rubel Phillips' second gubernatorial defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enterprise-journal.com/opinion/article_db724200-9c46-11e0-8a04-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Editorial: "How Times Have Changed"|publisher=enterprise-journal.com|accessdate=December 1, 2011}}</ref>
==Legal troubles==
Phillips did not again seek public office but remained a long-term financial backer of the Mississippi GOP. He subsequently became an officer of the Stirling Homex Corporation, which manufactured housing modules and sought to locate a plant in Harrison County.<ref>''[[The New York Times]].'' January 30, 1977; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' April 3, 1980.</ref> The New York-based firm went bankrupt in 1972. Phillips and four other company officers were indicted and tried on charges of [[conspiracy]] and fraud in the sale of $40 million worth of stock. Four of the officers, including Phillips, were found guilty of falsely inflating earnings reports and deceiving investors, auditors, and the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref>''Infobase Publishing: Facts on File'', XXXVII (February 12, 1977), p. 751; ''The New York Times,'' January 30, 1977.</ref> Phillips was fined $5,000 and received a ten-month sentence imposed by Judge Marvin E. Frankel.<ref>''The New York Times,'' March 12, 1977; ''Facts on File, XXXVII (March 19, 1977), p. 203; ''Jackson Clarion-Ledger,'' April 3, 1980.</ref> In 1978, the [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear appeals by the defendants and left intact their fines and sentences.<ref>''Facts on File,'' XXXVIII (October 6, 1978), p. 751.</ref> In 1980, Phillips was disbarred by the Mississippi Supreme Court, which rejected a suspension as proposed in 1979 by a special state bar tribunal.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Ledger'', April 3, 1980</ref> Phillips was permitted to seek reinstatement to the bar in September 1982 and thereafter resumed the practice of corporate law in Jackson.<ref>''Jackson Clarion-Leger,'' May 15, 1980; ''Challenging the Status Quo," p. 263.</ref>
==Legacy==
Phillips's two gubernatorial campaigns breathed new life into a previously moribund state Republican Party, which had settled for meager federal tronage]] available when a Republican occupied the [[White House]]. Phillips also fired the first ammunition which would make the general election, rather than the Democratic runoff primary, the principal contest in his state. He also showed that a Republican could obtain black support though there were relatively few African American voters in Mississippi during his time in the political spotlight. ''The 'Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'' wrote that:
<blockquote> ... History will record in the general election campaign of 1967 as the moment when the old order's death knell was finally sounded in clear, loud tones within the state's borders. It will be to Rubel Phillips' eternal credit that he was the man who tolled that knell.<ref>''Greenville Delta Democrat-Times'', October 5, 1967; this assessment was made a month before the general election in which Phillips polled less than 30 percent of the ballots cast.</ref></blockquote>
Jim Herring, a Canton attorney and a former state chairman of the Mississippi Republican Party, attended the second annual Pioneer Dinner of the Mississippi GOP, held in Jackson in 2010. He paid tribute to Phillips, who was too ill to attend the affair:
<blockquote>Rubel was a true pioneer of the Mississippi Republican Party. He was the first to 'step up' in his race for governor and publicly put his economic interests and his reputation on the line for a cause greater {{sic|then}} himself. He was and is a great man, who has to this day remained active in the Mississippi Republican Party. We Mississippi Republicans owe him, and we owe him big.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jim-herring.blogspot.com/2010/05/rubel-phillips-gil-carmichael-and-jack.html|title=Rubel Phillips, Gil Carmichael and Jack Reed|publisher=jim-herring.blogspot.com|accessdate=December 2, 2011}}</ref></blockquote>
Phillips died in retirement at the age of eighty-six in Ridgeland in Madison County near Jackson, some five months before his party in 2011 swept most statewide elections and won majorities in the legislature. He was survived by his wife, the former Margaret James, whom he married c. 1955; two sons, Rubel Phillips, Jr., and wife Melinda of [[Virginia]], and Dr. William James Phillips and wife Alison of Jackson, Mississippi; two granddaughters, and two brothers, William Maurice Phillips and wife Joan of Corinth, Mississippi, and Frank Price Phillips of [[Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]. Services were held on June 22, 2011, in Jackson at the Northminster Baptist Church. Interment followed at the Shiloh [[Presbyterian Church in the United States|Presbyterian]] Church Cemetery in Alcorn County.<ref name=obit/>
==References==
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[[Category:Mississippi]]
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[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Former Democrats]]
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[[Category:United States Navy]]
[[Category:World War II]]
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