Changes

[[Lobbyist]]

[[Lobbyist]]

| spouse= (1) Barbara Morton Shell (married 1940-1968, divorced)

| spouse= (1) Barbara Morton Shell (married 1940-1968, divorced)

(2) Mary Katherine Jaynes Shell (married 1970-2008, his death)

(2) [[Mary K. Shell|Mary Katherine Jaynes Shell]] (married 1970-2008, his death)

| children= From first marriage:<br>

| children= From first marriage:<br>

Barbara Stone<br>

Barbara Stone<br>

==Background==

==Background==

Shell was born in tiny La Conner in Skagit County in northwestern [[Washington]],<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/11/local/me-shell11|title=Joe Shell (1918-2008):Ex-legislator challenged Nixon|date=April 11, 2008|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|accessdate=May 13, 2018|author=Valerie J. Nelson}}</ref> to Joseph Lieb Shell and the former Nell Schunemann. The elder Shell was an [[Native American|Indian]] agent for the United States Department of Interior in Washington State. When Shell was two years old, his family moved to [[San Diego]],  California, at which his father was a municipal and then a superior court [[judge]], and his mother was a homemaker. He also had a sister, Cheryl. Shell graduated from Herbert Hoover High School in San Diego, at which he was senior class president and a key [[football]] player. One of his Hoover classmates was [[baseball]] superstar [[Ted Williams]]. Shell was recruited by the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]], and [[Stanford University]] in Palo Alto, California, but instead he chose to attend the [[University of Southern California]] in [[Los Angeles]]. In 1940, he procured his Bachelor of Science in business administration.<ref name=obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bakersfield/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=107273816|title=

Shell was born in tiny La Conner in Skagit County in northwestern [[Washington]],<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/11/local/me-shell11|title=Joe Shell (1918-2008):Ex-legislator challenged Nixon|date=April 11, 2008|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|accessdate=May 13, 2018|author=Valerie J. Nelson}}</ref> to Joseph Lieb Shell and the former Nell Schunemann. The elder Shell was an [[Native American|Indian]] agent for the United States Department of Interior in Washington State. When Shell was two years old, his family moved to [[San Diego]],  California, at which his father was a municipal and then a superior court [[judge]], and his mother was a homemaker. He also had a sister, Cheryl. Shell graduated from Herbert Hoover High School in San Diego, at which he was senior class president and a key [[football]] player. One of his Hoover classmates was [[baseball]] superstar [[Ted Williams]]. Shell was recruited by the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]], and [[Stanford University]] in Palo Alto, California, but instead he chose to attend the [[University of Southern California]] in [[Los Angeles]]. In 1940, he procured his [[Bachelor of Science]] in business administration.<ref name=obit>{{cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bakersfield/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=107273816|title=

|title=Joe Shell|publisher=''The Bakersfield Californian''|date=April 9, 2008|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>

|title=Joe Shell|publisher=''The Bakersfield Californian''|date=April 9, 2008|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>

==Gubernatorial primary race==

==Gubernatorial primary race==

When Shell declared his candidacy for governor, he did not expect Nixon to run, because the former vice president had vacillated for several months about a potential candidacy and had a national perspective, rather than extensive interest in state government. Shell remained in the race to carry the banner of the more conservative Republicans, with Nixon hence cast as the "moderate" candidate. Nixon defined himself in his own words as "a conservative — a progressive conservative."<ref name=timem/> The California primary race was covered nationally because Nixon was a national figure who was expected to run again for President in the future, and California was then on the verge of surpassing [[New York]] as the nation's most populous state. Shell was quoted in ''[[Time]]'' magazine that he had "gotten sick and tired of calling people [[liberals]] when they're basically [[socialism|socialists]]."<ref name=timem/> Among Shell's financial backers was A. C. "Cy" Ruble, former chairman of Union Oil Company of California.<ref name=draftgoldwater>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyNnemM0-osC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Joe+Shell&source=web&ots=Yaq56fGSfC&sig=evtpj883YQrBdWf_5VRcDTC99Rg&hl=en#PPA56,M1|title=Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement|publisher=Ashbrook Press|date=1967|author=F. Clifton White and William J. Gill|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>

When Shell declared his candidacy for governor, he did not expect Nixon to run, because the former vice president had vacillated for several months about a potential candidacy and had a national perspective, rather than extensive interest in state government. Shell remained in the race to carry the banner of the more conservative Republicans, with Nixon hence cast as the [[Moderate Republican]] candidate. Nixon defined himself in his own words as "a conservative — a progressive conservative."<ref name=timem/> The California primary race was covered nationally because Nixon was a national figure who was expected to run again for President in the future, and California was then on the verge of surpassing [[New York]] as the nation's most populous state. Shell was quoted in ''[[Time]]'' magazine that he had "gotten sick and tired of calling people [[liberals]] when they're basically [[socialism|socialists]]."<ref name=timem/> Among Shell's financial backers was A. C. "Cy" Ruble, former chairman of Union Oil Company of California.<ref name=draftgoldwater>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyNnemM0-osC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Joe+Shell&source=web&ots=Yaq56fGSfC&sig=evtpj883YQrBdWf_5VRcDTC99Rg&hl=en#PPA56,M1|title=Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement|publisher=Ashbrook Press|date=1967|author=F. Clifton White and William J. Gill|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>

In Bakersfield, Mary K. Shell, then Mary Hosking of the Kern County Republican Women's Association, worked for the nomination of her future husband. In the same election, two other conservatives, including [[Howard Jarvis]], the future father of [[California Proposition 13]] (1978), challenged liberal U.S. Senator [[Thomas H. Kuchel]] (1910-1994) in the primary. Kuchel easily prevailed to gain renomination. He had initially succeeded Nixon in the Senate in 1953. The 1962 elections were the first in California in which cross-filing across party lines had been abandoned.<ref>''The New York Times'', June 7, 1962, p. 1.</ref>

In Bakersfield, [[Mary K. Shell]], then Mary Hosking of the Kern County Republican Women's Association, worked for the nomination of her future husband. In the same election, two other conservatives, including [[Howard Jarvis]], the future father of [[California Proposition 13]] (1978), challenged liberal U.S. Senator [[Thomas H. Kuchel]] (1910-1994) in the primary. Kuchel easily prevailed to gain renomination. He had initially succeeded Nixon in the Senate in 1953. The 1962 elections were the first in California in which cross-filing across party lines had been abandoned.<ref>''The New York Times'', June 7, 1962, p. 1.</ref>

During the gubernatorial campaign, Shell's plane was sabotaged: somehow, barium was placed in the second fuel tank. Had the pilot not discovered the problem, the plane would have crashed.<ref name=neocons>

During the gubernatorial campaign, Shell's plane was sabotaged: somehow, barium was placed in the second fuel tank. Had the pilot not discovered the problem, the plane would have crashed.<ref name=neocons>