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'''James Madison''' (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836), an American statesman, political theorist, party leader and fourth president of the [[United States]] of America (1809–1817), was one of the most influential [[Founding Fathers]] of the United States. Misnamed the "Father of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]" -- he had little influence on the document -- Madison took the most thorough notes during the [[Constitutional Convention]] and wrote many of the [[Federalist Papers]] to promote its ratification, including its influential [[Federalist No. 10]].  

'''James Madison''' (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836), an American statesman, political theorist, party leader and fourth president of the [[United States]] of America (1809–1817), was one of the most influential [[Founding Fathers]] of the United States. Misnamed the "Father of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]"—he had little influence on the document—Madison took the most thorough notes during the [[Constitutional Convention]] and wrote many of the [[Federalist Papers]] to promote its ratification, including its influential [[Federalist No. 10]].  Bookish and intellectual, Madison arrived to the Constitutional Convention many days early to pour over documents in preparation, and then developed the "Virginia Plan" for a new bicameral legislature based on population, which the delegates from other states then rejected after the convention began.

As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights."  As a political theorist, Madison advanced the theory of [[republicanism]]. Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called ''factions.''<ref>Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al., eds. ''The Democracy Sourcebook'' (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.</ref> He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption (especially of British origin), and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would ensure [[republicanism]] in the United States.<ref>Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.</ref>

As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights."  As a political theorist, Madison advanced the theory of [[republicanism]]. Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called ''factions.''<ref>Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al., eds. ''The Democracy Sourcebook'' (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.</ref> He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption (especially of British origin), and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would ensure [[republicanism]] in the United States.<ref>Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.</ref>

Both of them were close friends with former President Thomas Jefferson. They lived on a neighboring hilltop near Jefferson's hilltop estate, [[Monticello]], in Virginia.

Both of them were close friends with former President Thomas Jefferson. They lived on a neighboring hilltop near Jefferson's hilltop estate, [[Monticello]], in Virginia.

==Political career==

==Political career==

===States rights===

===States rights===

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787-88 to a states-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795.  Madison started with opposing Hamilto; by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. On most major issues Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually won, notably the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the [[Jay Treaty]]. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the [[War of 1812]] led Madison to appreciate the need for a stronger central government. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and [[Gordon S. Wood]], see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787–88 to a states-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795.  Madison started with opposing Hamilto; by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. On most major issues Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually won, notably the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the [[Jay Treaty]]. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the [[War of 1812]] led Madison to appreciate the need for a stronger central government. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and [[Gordon S. Wood]], see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

==Secretary of State: 1801-1809==

==Secretary of State: 1801-1809==

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803, made possible when [[Napoleon]] realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to negotiate for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law.  Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an [[Embargo of 1807|embargo]] to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the northeastern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.  

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803, made possible when [[Napoleon]] realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to [[negotiate]] for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law.  Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an [[Embargo of 1807|embargo]] to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the northeastern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.  

Jefferson and Madison looked to the [[yeoman]]—the independent  farmer—for virtues that were founded on an agrarian economy like that of Virginia. They were determined to avoid war, because war meant large armies, permanent navies, military virtues in opposition to the yeoman, new taxes, and increases in executive power. The result they feared would weaken liberty and republicanism. But they were not isolationist. Instead Jefferson and Madison put their faith in the power of American commerce to achieve their objectives, though threats like the boycott. The boycotts failed and Madison took a poorly prepared nation to war in 1812.<ref>Smith 2004</ref>  

Jefferson and Madison looked to the [[yeoman]]—the independent  farmer—for virtues that were founded on an agrarian economy like that of Virginia. They were determined to avoid war, because war meant large armies, permanent navies, military virtues in opposition to the yeoman, new taxes, and increases in executive power. The result they feared would weaken liberty and republicanism. But they were not isolationist. Instead Jefferson and Madison put their faith in the power of American commerce to achieve their objectives, though threats like the boycott. The boycotts failed and Madison took a poorly prepared nation to war in 1812.<ref>Smith 2004</ref>  

==Quotes==

==Quotes==

* "Mr. MADISON thought it wrong to admit in the Constitution the idea that there could be property in men. The reason of duties did not hold, as slaves are not like merchandize, consumed, &c", Constitutional Convention, August 25th

* "Mr. MADISON thought it wrong to admit in the Constitution the idea that there could be property in men. The reason of duties did not hold, as slaves are not like merchandize, consumed, &c", Constitutional Convention, August 25

*"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and it's issuance."

*"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and it's issuance."

===Biographies===

===Biographies===

* Banning, Lance. "James Madison" ''American National Biography Online'' (2000)

* Banning, Lance. "James Madison" ''American National Biography Online'' (2000)

* Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," ''American Historical Review.'' 57,4(July, 1952), 853-870.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28195207%2957%3A4%3C853%3AJMAHT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  online at JSTOR]

* Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," ''American Historical Review.'' 57,4(July, 1952), 853–870.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28195207%2957%3A4%3C853%3AJMAHT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  online at JSTOR]

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison'', 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941-1961). most detailed scholarly biography.

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison'', 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941-1961). most detailed scholarly biography.

* Brant, Irving. ''The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison''  (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). one-volume condensation of his series.

* Brant, Irving. ''The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison''  (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). one-volume condensation of his series.

* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978)

* Banning, Lance. ''The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology'' (1978)

* Banning, Lance. ''The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic'' (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103677309 online edition]; [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=HEB00509.0001.001 online ACLS History e-Book]. Available only to subscribing institutions.

* Banning, Lance. ''The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic'' (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103677309 online edition]; [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=HEB00509.0001.001 online ACLS History e-Book]. Available only to subscribing institutions.

**Gibson, Alan. "Lance Banning's Interpretation Of James Madison: An Appreciation And Critique." ''Political Science Reviewer'' 2003 32: 269-317. Issn: 0091-3715 Fulltext: at Ebsco  

**Gibson, Alan. "Lance Banning's Interpretation Of James Madison: An Appreciation And Critique." ''Political Science Reviewer'' 2003 32: 269–317. Issn: 0091-3715 Fulltext: at Ebsco  

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison and American Nationalism''. (1968).

* Brant, Irving. ''James Madison and American Nationalism''. (1968).

* Brown, Roger H. ''The Republic in Peril: 1812'' (1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100695976 online edition]

* Brown, Roger H. ''The Republic in Peril: 1812'' (1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100695976 online edition]

* Skeen, Carl Edward. ''1816: America Rising'' (1993) popular history

* Skeen, Carl Edward. ''1816: America Rising'' (1993) popular history

* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic 1801-1815'' (1968) standard scholarly survey of politics and diplomacy.

* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic 1801-1815'' (1968) standard scholarly survey of politics and diplomacy.

* Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 33,4(Oct. 1976), 557-585. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28197610%293%3A33%3A4%3C557%3AJMAT%22T%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X online].

* Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 33,4(Oct. 1976), 557–585. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28197610%293%3A33%3A4%3C557%3AJMAT%22T%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X online].

** Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3-34.  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28198101%293%3A38%3A1%3C3%3AJMATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online].

** Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3-34.  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597%28198101%293%3A38%3A1%3C3%3AJMATCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W online].

** Stagg, ''Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830'' (Princeton, 1983).

** Stagg, ''Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830'' (Princeton, 1983).

* Trees, Andrew S.  ''The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character.'' Princeton U. Press, 2004. 208 pp.  compares Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and Adams

* Trees, Andrew S.  ''The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character.'' Princeton U. Press, 2004. 208 pp.  compares Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and Adams

* Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, ''Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different'' (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141-72.

* Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, ''Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different'' (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141–72.

** Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights," ''The New York Review of Books'' (November 30, 2006b).

** Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights," ''The New York Review of Books'' (November 30, 2006b).

* Matthews, Richard K., ''If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason'' (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995), political philosophy

* Matthews, Richard K., ''If Men Were Angels: James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason'' (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995), political philosophy

* Morgan, Robert J. ''James Madison on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.'' Greenwood Press. 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26239686 online edition]

* Morgan, Robert J. ''James Madison on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.'' Greenwood Press. 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26239686 online edition]

* Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," ''American Political Science Review'' 97,1(2003), 17-32.  

* Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," ''American Political Science Review'' 97,1(2003), 17–32.  

* Read, James H. ''Power versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson'' (2000). political philosophy

* Read, James H. ''Power versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson'' (2000). political philosophy

* Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' 69,1(1954), 45-64 in JSTOR.

* Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' 69,1(1954), 45–64 in JSTOR.

** Riemer, ''James Madison : Creating the American Constitution'' (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).  

** Riemer, ''James Madison : Creating the American Constitution'' (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).  

* Rosen, Gary. ''American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding'' (1999),  political philosophy

* Rosen, Gary. ''American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding'' (1999),  political philosophy

* Samples, John, ed. ''James Madison and the Future of Limited Government.'' (Cato Institute, 2002), essays by libertarian and conservative scholars. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103202615 online edition]

* Samples, John, ed. ''James Madison and the Future of Limited Government.'' (Cato Institute, 2002), essays by libertarian and conservative scholars. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103202615 online edition]

* Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 49,3(1992), 609-627. in JSTOR.

* Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 49,3(1992), 609–627. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925-956. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," ''William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.'' 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925–956. in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," ''American Political Science Review'' 98,3(2004), 405-424.  in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," ''American Political Science Review'' 98,3(2004), 405–424.  in JSTOR.

** Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," ''Claremont Review of Books'' (Spring 2004), [http://www.claremont.org/writings/crb/spring2004/sheehan.html online].

** Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," ''Claremont Review of Books'' (Spring 2004), [http://www.claremont.org/writings/crb/spring2004/sheehan.html online].

** Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," ''Review of Politics'' 67,1(Winter 2005), 37-48.  

** Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," ''Review of Politics'' 67,1(Winter 2005), 37–48.  

* Smith, Robert W.  ''Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy.'' Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 196 pp.  [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=169311117567023 online review]

* Smith, Robert W.  ''Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy.'' Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 196 pp.  [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=169311117567023 online review]

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{{Constitutional Convention}}

{{Constitutional Convention}}{{Conservative Presidents}}

{{Greatest Thinkers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madison, James}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madison, James}}

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

[[Category:Federalist Papers]]

[[Category:Federalist Papers]]