Changes

==Degrees of Worship: Dulia, Hyperdulia, and Latreia==

==Degrees of Worship: Dulia, Hyperdulia, and Latreia==

The word "worship" has undergone a change in meaning in English. This is due primarily to the struggle of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in its influential [[polemic]] against the doctrines of the [[Catholic Church]], representing an example of what [[Linguistis|linguists]] call ''semantic shift'' and a consequent narrowing of the modern ''semantic field'' of related terms in the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref>See the following articles:

The word "worship" has undergone a change in meaning in English. This is due primarily to the struggle of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in its influential [[polemic]] against the doctrines of the [[Catholic Church]], representing an example of what [[Linguistics|linguists]] call ''semantic shift'' and a consequent narrowing of the modern ''semantic field'' of related terms in the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref>See the following articles:

*[https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_Change_Semantic.htm Semantic change (uni-due.de)]Compare the following articles:

*[https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_Change_Semantic.htm Semantic change (uni-due.de)]Compare the following articles:

*[https://www.thoughtco.com/semantic-field-1692079 Semantic Field Definitions and Examples - ThoughtCo (thoughtco.com)]  

*[https://www.thoughtco.com/semantic-field-1692079 Semantic Field Definitions and Examples - ThoughtCo (thoughtco.com)]  

The same goes for a quote from an old (obscure) official Catholic prayerbook entitled  '''''All for Jesus!''''':  

The same goes for a quote from an old (obscure) official Catholic prayerbook entitled  '''''All for Jesus!''''':  

:"[[Holy|Holiest]] [[Virginity|Virgin]], with all my heart I '''worship thee''' above all the angels and saints in paradise... I consecrate my soul and all its powers...I '''worship thee''' the spouse of the Holy Ghost..." (''boldface emphasis added'') <ref>'''Devotions to Our Blessed Lady, All for Jesus:''' Approved Devotions and Prayers for Church and Home, p 283. Imprimatur: John Cardinal McCloskey, Archbishop of NY, Mar 13, 1884.</ref>

:"[[Holy|Holiest]] [[Virginity|Virgin]], with all my heart I '''worship thee''' above all the angels and saints in paradise... I consecrate my soul and all its powers...I '''worship thee''' the spouse of the Holy Ghost..." (''boldface emphasis added'') <ref>'''Devotions to Our Blessed Lady, All for Jesus:''' Approved Devotions and Prayers for Church and Home, p 283. Imprimatur: John Cardinal McCloskey, Archbishop of NY, Mar 13, 1884.</ref>

This quote does not [[Proof|prove]] that Catholics offer Mary the divine worship of ''latreia''. Note that the prayer says "I worship (honor) thee above all the angels and saints in paradise" (''hyperdulia''), not "I worship thee above God" or "equal to God", or "as my God" (''latria'').  Catholics and Orthodox believe it is entirely appropriate that [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary, the mother of Jesus Our Lord and God]], should receive a higher honor (''hyperdulia'') than any other mere creature, such as angels and saints, as God Himself honored her by his messenger [[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]] as "blessed among all women", but never equal to or greater than the supreme honor of unbounded adoration given to the Creator of all (''latria''), to Jesus who is not a creature but God. As the Catholic Answers tract "Saint Worship?" explains''':'''  Catholics understand according to the doctrine they have been taught that all the honor given to Mary (''hyperdulia'') and the saints (''dulia'') redounds to the greater honor and praise (''latria'') of their Creator and Savior, Jesus Christ! "And those whom he predestined he also called; and those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified." <ref>Romans 8:30 (RSVCE)</ref> Those who have actually read in full the more complete explanation of this Roman Catholic doctrine in the book by St. Alphonsus Ligouri, ''The Glories of Mary'', 1852 (available in a variety of formats online), have been surprised at how much it has been [[Quoting out of context|quoted out of context]], [[Calumny|maligned]] and [[Misrepresentation|misrepresented]].<ref>See for example, [https://forums.catholic.com/t/glories-of-mary/9567/5 Catholic Answers Forum - Glories of Mary (catholic.com)]</ref>{{cquote|To say all in a few words''':''' Almighty God, in order to glorify the mother of the Redeemer, has ordained that her great charity should intercede for all those for whom her divine Son offered and paid the superabundant ransom of his precious blood, in which '''alone''' is our ''salvation, life'' and ''resurrection''. (''italic emphases by the author; boldface emphasis added'')<br>—''from'' To the Reader, ''The Glories of Mary''.<ref>[http://www.themostholyrosary.com/the-glories-of-mary.pdf The Glories of Mary, Translated from the Italian of St. Alphonsus Ligouri, Founder of the Congregation of the Holy Redeemer, 1882, copyright 1888 by P. J. Kennedy & Sons, 44 Barclay Street, New York. pdf—full text]<br>See also [https://books.google.com/books?id=tWcXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=glories+of+mary&hl=en&ei=LWM7TM2zNsyMnQe_rKHlAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books link to ''The Glories of Mary'' providing immediate access to any part of the work from the table of contents page. (books.google.com)]</ref>}}  

This quote does not [[Proof|prove]] that Catholics offer Mary the divine worship of ''latreia''. Note that the prayer says "I worship (honor) thee above all the angels and saints in paradise" (''hyperdulia''), not "I worship thee above God" or "equal to God", or "as my God" (''latria'').  Catholics and Orthodox believe it is entirely appropriate that [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary, the mother of Jesus Our Lord and God]], should receive a higher honor (''hyperdulia'') than any other mere creature, such as angels and saints, as God Himself honored her by his messenger [[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]] as "blessed among all women", but never equal to or greater than the supreme honor of unbounded adoration given to the Creator of all (''latria''), to Jesus who is not a creature but God. As the Catholic Answers tract "Saint Worship?" explains''':'''  Catholics understand according to the doctrine they have been taught that all the honor given to Mary (''hyperdulia'') and the saints (''dulia'') redounds to the greater honor and praise (''latria'') of their Creator and Savior, Jesus Christ! "And those whom he predestined he also called; and those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified." <ref>Romans 8:30 (RSVCE)</ref> Those who have actually read in full the more complete explanation of this Roman Catholic doctrine in the book by St. Alphonsus Ligouri, ''The Glories of Mary'', 1852 (available in a variety of formats online), have been surprised at how much it has been [[Quoting out of context|quoted out of context]], [[Calumny|maligned]] and [[Misrepresentation|misrepresented]].<ref>See for example, [https://forums.catholic.com/t/glories-of-mary/9567/5 Catholic Answers Forum - Glories of Mary (catholic.com)]</ref>{{cquote|To say all in a few words''':''' Almighty God, in order to glorify the mother of the Redeemer, has ordained that her great charity should intercede for all those for whom her divine Son offered and paid the superabundant ransom of his precious blood, in which '''alone''' is our ''salvation, life'' and ''resurrection''. (''italic emphases by the author; boldface emphasis added'')<br>—''from'' To the Reader, ''The Glories of Mary''.<ref>[http://www.themostholyrosary.com/the-glories-of-mary.pdf The Glories of Mary, Translated from the Italian of St. Alphonsus Ligouri, Founder of the Congregation of the Holy Redeemer, 1882, copyright 1888 by P. J. Kennedy & Sons, 44 Barclay Street, New York. pdf—full text]<br>See also [https://books.google.com/books?id=tWcXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=glories+of+mary&hl=en&ei=LWM7TM2zNsyMnQe_rKHlAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books link to ''The Glories of Mary'' providing immediate access to any part of the work from the table of contents page. (books.google.com)]</ref>}}

==Mariolatry==

==Mariolatry==