Changes

===New Testament ''grammateis''===

===New Testament ''grammateis''===

The scribes (''grammateis'') of the New Testament were a class of men educated for the purpose of preserving and expounding the sacred books. They had the charge of transcribing them, of interpreting the more difficult passages, and of deciding in cases which grew out of the ceremonial law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2%3A1-6&version=RSVCE Matthew 2:1-6]</ref>, and were especially skilled in those glosses <ref>See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06586a.htm '''Scriptural glosses''' (newadvent.org)]. A textual gloss is a type of commentary, sometimes a single word, intended to explain, interpret or clarify a text, either placed on the margin of the page or inserted directly into the text. The famous medieval Jewish scriptural [[scholar]] [[Rashi]] sought to make his marginal commentaries on the scriptures as simple and clear as possible so that even a child of eight could understand, sometimes with a single word for clarification. Possibly the most famous gloss in Christian history is the addition of the word "alone", inserted by Martin Luther into Paul's [[Epistle to the Romans|Letter to the Romans]]. See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/romans/3-28.htm Romans 3:28 multiple commentaries]. <br> See also [https://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2006/02/luther-added-word-alone-to-romans-328.html Luther Added The Word "Alone" to Romans 3:28? (beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com)].<br> Compare [[Dynamic equivalence]].</ref> and traditions by which the Jews made void the substantial meaning of the heart of the law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+15%3A1-6&version=RSVCE Matthew 15:1-6]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+8%3A8&version=RSVCE Jeremiah 8:8]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+2%3A1-9&version=RSVCE Malachi 2:1-9]</ref>. Their influence was great; many of them were members of the [[Sanhedrin]]; they are mentioned in connection with the elders and chief priests in the [[The Gospels|Four Gospels]] <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5%3A20&version=RSVCE Matthew 5:20]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+7%3A29&version=RSVCE 7:29]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12%3A38&version=RSVCE 12:38]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+20%3A18&version=RSVCE 20:18]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+21%3A15&version=RSVCE 21:15]</ref>. Like the Pharisees, they were bitterly opposed to Christ, and joined with the priests and counselors in persecuting him and his followers, having little knowledge of Him concerning whom Moses and the prophets write. These same scribes are sometimes in parallel passages called [[Lawyers, Jewish (New Testament)|lawyers]] and doctors of the law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22%3A35&version=RSVCE Matthew 22:35]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+12%3A28&version=RSVCE Mark 12:28]</ref>. The only mention of “scribes” in John’s gospel is in [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+7%3A53-8%3A11&version=RSVCE John 7:53-8:11]. Saul of Tarsus was a highly trained scribe who had sat at the feet of the Rabban [[Gamaliel]], one of the eminent ''[[Tannaim]]'', and afterward opposed the name of Jesus and persecuted his followers to death, before he encountered the risen Lord on the road to Damascus, and was afterward baptized, becoming eventually St. Paul <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+1-2&version=RSVCE Galatians 1–2]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+14%3A1-15%21&version=RSVCE Romans 14:1–15:21]</ref>, one of the greatest [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutical]] [[scholar]]s of Old Testament scripture in support of the claims of the [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]] that Jesus of Nazareth is the ''Rab Meshiach'' of Israel and the ''Navi'' foretold by Moses <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+18%3A15&version=RSVCE Deuteronomy 18:15], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+18%3A18-19&version=RSVCE 18-19]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A20-22&version=RSVCE Acts 9:20-22]</ref>. [[Apollos]] was another who was also a Jew highly skilled and knowledgeable in the scriptures, "For he mightily convinced the Jews, ''and that'' publicly, shewing by the scriptures that Jesus was Christ." [https://biblegateway.org/verse/en/Acts%2018%3A28 Acts 18:28].

The scribes (''grammateis'') of the New Testament were a class of men educated for the purpose of preserving and expounding the sacred books. They had the charge of transcribing them, of interpreting the more difficult passages, and of deciding in cases which grew out of the ceremonial law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2%3A1-6&version=RSVCE Matthew 2:1-6]</ref>, and were especially skilled in those glosses <ref>See [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06586a.htm '''Scriptural glosses''' (newadvent.org)]. A textual gloss is a type of commentary, sometimes a single word, intended to explain, interpret or clarify a text, either placed on the margin of the page or inserted directly into the text. The famous medieval Jewish scriptural [[scholar]] [[Rashi]] sought to make his marginal commentaries on the scriptures as simple and clear as possible so that even a child of eight could understand, sometimes with a single word for clarification. Possibly the most famous gloss in Christian history is the addition of the word "alone", inserted by Martin Luther into Paul's [[Epistle to the Romans|Letter to the Romans]]. See [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/romans/3-28.htm Romans 3:28 multiple commentaries]. <br> See also [https://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2006/02/luther-added-word-alone-to-romans-328.html Luther Added The Word "Alone" to Romans 3:28? (beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com)].<br> Compare [[Dynamic equivalence]].</ref> and traditions by which the Jews made void the substantial meaning of the heart of the law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+15%3A1-6&version=RSVCE Matthew 15:1-6]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+8%3A8&version=RSVCE Jeremiah 8:8]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+2%3A1-9&version=RSVCE Malachi 2:1-9]</ref>. Their influence was great; many of them were members of the [[Sanhedrin]]; they are mentioned in connection with the elders and chief priests in the [[The Gospels|Four Gospels]] <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5%3A20&version=RSVCE Matthew 5:20]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+7%3A29&version=RSVCE 7:29]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12%3A38&version=RSVCE 12:38]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+20%3A18&version=RSVCE 20:18]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+21%3A15&version=RSVCE 21:15]</ref>. Like the Pharisees, they were bitterly opposed to Christ, and joined with the priests and counselors in persecuting him and his followers, having little knowledge of Him concerning whom Moses and the prophets write. These same scribes are sometimes in parallel passages called [[Lawyers, Jewish (New Testament)|lawyers]] and doctors of the law <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22%3A35&version=RSVCE Matthew 22:35]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+12%3A28&version=RSVCE Mark 12:28]</ref>. The only mention of “scribes” in John’s gospel is in [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+7%3A53-8%3A11&version=RSVCE John 7:53-8:11]. Saul of Tarsus was a highly trained scribe who had sat at the feet of the Rabban [[Gamaliel]], one of the eminent ''[[Tannaim]]'', and afterward opposed the name of Jesus and persecuted his followers to death, before he encountered the risen Lord on the road to Damascus, and was afterward baptized, becoming eventually St. Paul <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+1-2&version=RSVCE Galatians 1–2]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+14%3A1-15%21&version=RSVCE Romans 14:1–15:21]</ref>, one of the greatest [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutical]] [[scholar]]s of Old Testament scripture in support of the claims of the [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]] that Jesus of Nazareth is the ''Rab Meshiach'' of Israel and the ''Navi'' foretold by Moses <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+18%3A15&version=RSVCE Deuteronomy 18:15], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+18%3A18-19&version=RSVCE 18-19]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A20-22&version=RSVCE Acts 9:20-22]</ref>. [[Apollos]] was another who was also a Jew highly skilled and knowledgeable in the scriptures, "For he mightily convinced the Jews, ''and that'' publicly, shewing by the scriptures that Jesus was Christ." [https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Acts%2018%3A28 Acts 18:28].

In the Early Church, the function of the scribe as a Christian scholar and instructor in legal responsibility was preserved <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+8%3A19&version=RSVCE Matthew 8:19], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13%3A52&version=RSVCE ''especially'' Matthew 13:52] and [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+23%3A34&version=RSVCE 23:34]</ref>, so that the Mosaic law was not abolished, but was reinterpreted and reapplied for the needs of the Christian Church <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5%3A17-20&version=RSVCE Matthew 5:17-20]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+1%3A8&version=RSVCE 1 Timothy 1:8]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+3%3A31&version=RSVCE Romans 3:31]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+7%3A7&version=RSVCE 7:7]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+8%3A3-4&version=RSVCE 8:3-4]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+13%3A8-10&version=RSVCE '''13:8-10''']</ref>. Paul clearly understood the ''Jewish'' scribe as a [[Pilpul|dialectician]] <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+1%3A20-25&version=RSVCE 1&nbsp;Corinthians 1:20-25]</ref>, who was a scholar on the written and oral law; in Paul’s view such [[dialectic]]s were foolishness in the face of God’s saving work in Christ. He warned against those who dispute about words and [[Cafeteria Christianity#Proof texts|"proof texting"]], and do not use the Law of Moses "lawfully" <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+1%3A3-11&version=RSVCE 1 Timothy 1:3-11]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+6%3A3-4&version=RSVCE 6:3-4]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Timothy+2%3A23-26&version=RSVCE 2 Timothy 2:23-26]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+3%3A9-11&version=RSVCE Titus 3:9-11]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+3%3A15&version=RSVCE 1&nbsp;Peter 3:15]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+28%3A24-31&version=RSVCE Acts 28:24-31]</ref>. The ''presbyteroi'', presbyters, "elders"<ref>See Strong's numbers ''[http://biblehub.com/greek/4242.htm 4242], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4243.htm 4243], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4244.htm 4244], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4245.htm 4245].</ref> of the Christian communities were basically the scribes of Christ mentioned as influential leaders in the ''Acts of the Apostles'' and the ''Epistles of Paul'', teaching the people the meaning of the Gospel of the Lord, and guiding them with authority as their leaders (Hebrews 13:17; 1&nbsp;Peter 5:5; Matthew 13:52; Acts 15:2-29; 1&nbsp;Timothy 5:17-20; Titus 1:5-9; James 5:14-16).  

In the Early Church, the function of the scribe as a Christian scholar and instructor in legal responsibility was preserved <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+8%3A19&version=RSVCE Matthew 8:19], [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13%3A52&version=RSVCE ''especially'' Matthew 13:52] and [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+23%3A34&version=RSVCE 23:34]</ref>, so that the Mosaic law was not abolished, but was reinterpreted and reapplied for the needs of the Christian Church <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5%3A17-20&version=RSVCE Matthew 5:17-20]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+1%3A8&version=RSVCE 1 Timothy 1:8]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+3%3A31&version=RSVCE Romans 3:31]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+7%3A7&version=RSVCE 7:7]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+8%3A3-4&version=RSVCE 8:3-4]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+13%3A8-10&version=RSVCE '''13:8-10''']</ref>. Paul clearly understood the ''Jewish'' scribe as a [[Pilpul|dialectician]] <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+1%3A20-25&version=RSVCE 1&nbsp;Corinthians 1:20-25]</ref>, who was a scholar on the written and oral law; in Paul’s view such [[dialectic]]s were foolishness in the face of God’s saving work in Christ. He warned against those who dispute about words and [[Cafeteria Christianity#Proof texts|"proof texting"]], and do not use the Law of Moses "lawfully" <ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+1%3A3-11&version=RSVCE 1 Timothy 1:3-11]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+6%3A3-4&version=RSVCE 6:3-4]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Timothy+2%3A23-26&version=RSVCE 2 Timothy 2:23-26]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+3%3A9-11&version=RSVCE Titus 3:9-11]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Peter+3%3A15&version=RSVCE 1&nbsp;Peter 3:15]; [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+28%3A24-31&version=RSVCE Acts 28:24-31]</ref>. The ''presbyteroi'', presbyters, "elders"<ref>See Strong's numbers ''[http://biblehub.com/greek/4242.htm 4242], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4243.htm 4243], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4244.htm 4244], [http://biblehub.com/greek/4245.htm 4245].</ref> of the Christian communities were basically the scribes of Christ mentioned as influential leaders in the ''Acts of the Apostles'' and the ''Epistles of Paul'', teaching the people the meaning of the Gospel of the Lord, and guiding them with authority as their leaders (Hebrews 13:17; 1&nbsp;Peter 5:5; Matthew 13:52; Acts 15:2-29; 1&nbsp;Timothy 5:17-20; Titus 1:5-9; James 5:14-16).