Changes

== Nuremberg ==

== Nuremberg ==

In the summer of 1945, Neumann travelled to Nuremberg, where he was to become the first chief of research of the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] under chief prosecutor Justice [[Robert Jackson]].  Neumann was tasked with preparing an analysis of each of the twenty-two Nuremberg defendants, and various Nazi organizations.  From mid-September 1945, Neumann’s R&A team prepared and supervised materials for a series of indictments with other OSS colleagues responsible for both interrogation and document analysis.  Donovan initially directed Neumann to examine ''religious persecution'' under the [[Nazi]] regime.   

In the summer of 1945, Neumann travelled to Nuremberg, where he was to become the first chief of research of the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] under chief prosecutor Justice [[Robert Jackson]].  Neumann was tasked with preparing an analysis of each of the twenty-two Nuremberg defendants, and various Nazi organizations.  From mid-September 1945, Neumann's R&A team prepared and supervised materials for a series of indictments with other OSS colleagues responsible for both interrogation and document analysis.  Donovan initially directed Neumann to examine ''religious persecution'' under the [[Nazi]] regime.   

The reports analysis of "the problem of establishing criminal responsibility" provided the prosecutorial strategy.  The thinking was to show that measures taken against the [[Christian Church]]es were an integral part of [[National Socialism]]. It also attempted to show that measures were criminal from the standpoint of [[German]] or [[international law]], depending where a given act was committed.  This applied the typical [[Frankfurt School]] methodology of "immanent critique" to argue that the Nazi regime can be convicted most effectively by demonstrating that it violated not only the laws of ‘foreign’ occupied countries, but also the very ‘Germanic’ traditions it claimed to uphold. The report claimed key articles of the [[Weimar Constitution]] "were never formally abrogated by the National Socialist regime, … were left untouched and still remain theoretically in force."  Furthermore: "respect for the principle of [[religious freedom]]", continued to be reiterated in various official policy statements of the Nazi regime, and in various "enactments of the National Socialist state, particularly the Concordat of 20 July 1933."

The reports analysis of "the problem of establishing criminal responsibility" provided the prosecutorial strategy.  The thinking was to show that measures taken against the [[Christian Church]]es were an integral part of [[National Socialism]]. It also attempted to show that measures were criminal from the standpoint of [[German]] or [[international law]], depending where a given act was committed.  This applied the typical [[Frankfurt School]] methodology of "immanent critique" to argue that the Nazi regime can be convicted most effectively by demonstrating that it violated not only the laws of ‘foreign’ occupied countries, but also the very ‘Germanic’ traditions it claimed to uphold. The report claimed key articles of the [[Weimar Constitution]] "were never formally abrogated by the National Socialist regime, … were left untouched and still remain theoretically in force."  Furthermore: "respect for the principle of [[religious freedom]]", continued to be reiterated in various official policy statements of the Nazi regime, and in various "enactments of the National Socialist state, particularly the Concordat of 20 July 1933."

The material on ''religious persecution'' is placed in the wider context of how these agencies committed crimes against humanity as an integral part of the Nazi’s master plan, its conspiracy to seize and consolidate ideological control and totalitarian power within Germany by eradicating sources of actual and potential opposition. This material formed part of the evidence on which these agencies were judged to be criminal organisations.  Neumann's group wrote,  

The material on ''religious persecution'' is placed in the wider context of how these agencies committed crimes against humanity as an integral part of the Nazi's master plan, its conspiracy to seize and consolidate ideological control and totalitarian power within Germany by eradicating sources of actual and potential opposition. This material formed part of the evidence on which these agencies were judged to be criminal organisations.  Neumann's group wrote,  

<blockquote>"The Nazi conspirators, by promoting beliefs and practices incompatible with [[Christian]] teaching, sought to subvert the influence of the [[Churches]] over the people and in particular over the youth of Germany. They avowed their aim to eliminate the Christian Churches in Germany and sought to substitute therefore Nazi institutions and Nazi beliefs and pursued a programme of persecution of priests, clergy and members of monastic orders whom they deemed opposed to their purposes and confiscated Church property."</blockquote>

<blockquote>"The Nazi conspirators, by promoting beliefs and practices incompatible with [[Christian]] teaching, sought to subvert the influence of the [[Churches]] over the people and in particular over the youth of Germany. They avowed their aim to eliminate the Christian Churches in Germany and sought to substitute therefore Nazi institutions and Nazi beliefs and pursued a programme of persecution of priests, clergy and members of monastic orders whom they deemed opposed to their purposes and confiscated Church property."</blockquote>

Neumann also took charge of revising the first draft prosecution brief detailing the personal responsibility of [[Hermann Goering]], the most senior defendant.  Neumann believed that German war criminals should be tried before German courts according to [[Weimar Republic|Weimar law]] as an important part of the wider de-nazification effort.  He continued working for a coming together of the [[Communist]] and [[Social Democratic] Party|Social Democratic]] movements.  He later became disillusioned with the reality of Communist rule in [[East Germany]] and broke off contact with the Communists.  

Neumann also took charge of revising the first draft prosecution brief detailing the personal responsibility of [[Hermann Goering]], the most senior defendant.  Neumann believed that German war criminals should be tried before German courts according to [[Weimar Republic|Weimar law]] as an important part of the wider de-nazification effort.  He continued working for a coming together of the [[Communist]] and [[Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic]] movements.  He later became disillusioned with the reality of Communist rule in [[East Germany]] and broke off contact with the Communists.  

In 1948 Neuman became as a professor of [[Political Science]] at [[Columbia University]], and helped establish the [[Free University of Berlin]].  Together with Ernst Fraenkel and Karl Lowenstein, Neumann is considered to be among the founders of modern political science in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].  He is noted together with Fraenkel, [[Hannah Arendt]], Ernst and Carl J. Friedrich as developing the [[Totalitarian]] theory.  U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[National Security Advisor]] and [[United Nations]] Ambassador [[Jeanne Kirkpatrick]] was a student of Neumann's at [[Columbia University]].  Neumann died in an automobile accident in 1954.  His widow, Inge Werner, married [[Herbert Marcuse]] in 1955.

In 1948 Neuman became as a professor of [[Political Science]] at [[Columbia University]], and helped establish the [[Free University of Berlin]].  Together with Ernst Fraenkel and Karl Lowenstein, Neumann is considered to be among the founders of modern political science in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].  He is noted together with Fraenkel, [[Hannah Arendt]], Ernst and Carl J. Friedrich as developing the [[Totalitarian]] theory.  U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[National Security Advisor]] and [[United Nations]] Ambassador [[Jeanne Kirkpatrick]] was a student of Neumann's at [[Columbia University]].  Neumann died in an automobile accident in 1954.  His widow, Inge Werner, married [[Herbert Marcuse]] in 1955.