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== French and Indian War ==

== French and Indian War ==

The English and the French did not like each other in Europe, and their conflicts there spilled over into America.  They had constant friction in fighting over territory and trading rights.  They had four wars between 1689 and 1763, which are known collectively as the French and Indian Wars.  

The English and the French did not like each other in Europe, and their conflicts there spilled over into America.  They had constant friction in fighting over territory and trading rights.  England and France fought against each other multiple times in North America from the late 1600s through the mid-1700s, which are known as the French and Indian Wars (plural, with the "s").

The French traded more with the Indians, and so the Indians tended to side with the French.  Also, some Indians saw how George Washington was defeated, so they probably thought the English colonies were weaker than the French.  Finally, it's likely the French treated the Indians better than the English did.

The French traded more with the Indians, and so the Indians tended to side with the French.  Also, some Indians saw how George Washington was defeated, so they probably thought the English colonies were weaker than the French.  Finally, it's likely the French treated the Indians better than the English did.

[[File:French and Indian War Map.png|left|500px]]

[[File:French and Indian War Map.png|left|500px]]

The French and Indian War was the seven-year struggle that was the culmination of the conflicts between France and England in America.  It was the American portion of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between England and France in Europe.  The name "French and Indian" to describe the war may seem confusing, because the French and Indians were on the same side, both fighting against the British, and there were some Indians who were allied with the British.  But the name is similar to the "Korean War" (North Koreans fighting against the United States, with some Koreans on United States' side), and the "Vietnam War" (North Vietnamese fighting against the United States, with some Vietnamese on the United States' side).

The most significant French and Indian War (singular, without the "s") was the seven-year struggle that was the culmination of the conflicts between France and England in America.  It was the American portion of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between England and France in Europe.  The name "French and Indian" to describe the war may seem confusing, because the French and Indians were on the same side, both fighting against the British, although there were some Indians who were allied with the British.  But this name is similar to the "Korean War" (North Koreans fighting against the United States, with some Koreans on the United States' side), and the "Vietnam War" (North Vietnamese fighting against the United States, with some Vietnamese on the United States' side).

In 1755, the British sent General [[Edward Braddock]] to confront French, but they ambushed and beat him badly near [[Fort Duquesne]] (pronounced DOO CANE).  In 1756, war broke out between the French and English in Europe, Africa, and India, as the war morphed into the first true global conflict.  

In 1755, the British sent General [[Edward Braddock]] to confront French, but they ambushed and beat him badly near [[Fort Duquesne]] (pronounced DOO CANE).  In 1756, war broke out between the French and English in Europe, Africa, and India, as the war morphed into the first true global conflict.  

The British struggled badly at first in this war.  But eventually a smart fellow named [[William Pitt]] was appointed Prime Minister of England.  The city of Pittsburgh is named after him.  Pitt believed in appointing generals based on merit, not seniority or friendship.  Pitt recognized the importance of the colonies and began investing significant money and resources into the war.  He then started beating the French.  Under Pitt's leadership, the English captured Fort Duquesne (renaming it Fort Pitt) in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and then Montreal in 1760.  Taking advantage of the powerful British navy, Britain gained control of the sea lanes and started winning in other places in world also, including India.   

At first, the British struggled badly in this war.  But eventually a smart fellow named [[William Pitt]] was appointed Prime Minister of England.  The city of Pittsburgh is named after him.  Pitt believed in appointing generals based on merit, not seniority or friendship.  Pitt recognized the importance of the colonies and began investing significant money and resources into the war.  He then started beating the French.  Under Pitt's leadership, the English captured Fort Duquesne (renaming it Fort Pitt) in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and then Montreal in 1760.  Taking advantage of the powerful British navy, Britain gained control of the sea lanes and started winning in other places in world also, including India.   

In 1763, the war ended when Britain, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Under the terms of the treaty, the French lost all of their possessions in North America, yielding to England all of their territory east of the Mississippi, with the exception of two islands off the coast of Newfoundland. England returned Cuba and the Philippines to Spain, in exchange for Florida, while France surrendered the Louisiana territory to Spain.  Later, in 1803, Spain sold this land back to France, who quickly sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.

In 1763, the war ended when Britain, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Under the terms of the treaty, the French lost all of their possessions in North America, yielding to England all of France's territory east of the Mississippi, with the exception of two islands off the coast of Newfoundland. England returned Cuba and the Philippines to Spain, in exchange for Florida, while France surrendered the Louisiana territory to Spain.  Later, in 1803, Spain sold this land back to France, which then quickly sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.

In North America, the end of the French and Indian War left the British with a great deal of territory west of the Appalachians, but the Indians, who were not included nor consulted in the peace settlement, did not give up their land easily.  In 1763,  Native Americans, inspired by the anti-British message of a Lenni-Lenape (Delaware) prophet named Neolin, and led by the Ottawa chieftain Pontiac, destroyed every British post west of the Appalachians with the exceptions of Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit.

In North America, the end of the French and Indian War left the British with a great deal of territory west of the Appalachians, but the Indians, who were not included nor consulted in the peace settlement, did not give up their land easily.  In 1763,  Native Americans, inspired by the anti-British message of a Lenni-Lenape (Delaware) prophet named Neolin, and led by the Ottawa chieftain Pontiac, destroyed every British post west of the Appalachians with the exceptions of Niagara, Pitt, and Detroit.