Changes

Dangers aside, the delegates proceeded to write a new constitution.  They divided themselves into various committees to make the overall task more manageable.  But what form of government would be sufficiently effective without being corrupted by power?  Two plans attempted to answer this question.

Dangers aside, the delegates proceeded to write a new constitution.  They divided themselves into various committees to make the overall task more manageable.  But what form of government would be sufficiently effective without being corrupted by power?  Two plans attempted to answer this question.

The first was submitted by [[Edmund Randolph]] and was called the [[Virginia Plan]], or the "Large States Plan," because it was favored by the larger states.  Our three branches of government -- legislative, executive, and judicial -- originated in the Virginia Plan.  Unlike the Articles of Confederation, this plan gave government the power to directly enforce laws.  The Virginia Plan assigned delegates to both houses of Congress (a "bicameral" legislature) based on a state's population, and the legislature selected the chief executive (president) and the judges under this Plan.  The Virginia Plan contributed much to the finished Constitution, although Edmund Randolph himself refused to sign it in the end.

The first was submitted by [[Edmund Randolph]] and was called the [[Virginia Plan]], or the "Large States Plan," because it was favored by the states having larger populations.  Our three branches of government -- legislative, executive, and judicial -- originated in the Virginia Plan.  Unlike the Articles of Confederation, this plan gave government the power to directly enforce laws.  The Virginia Plan assigned delegates to both houses of Congress (a "bicameral" legislature) based on a state's population, and the legislature selected the chief executive (president) and the judges under this Plan.  The Virginia Plan contributed much to the finished Constitution, although Edmund Randolph himself refused to sign it in the end.

In June 1787, William Paterson next proposed the [[New Jersey Plan]], which was more favorable to the small states and which departed less from the Articles of Confederation.  This plan was favored by small states because each state was represented equally in Congress.  This allowed small states to have an equal amount of power.  The Virginia plan, in contrast, would have allowed large states much more power than small ones because representation in Congress was based on population.

In June 1787, William Paterson next proposed the [[New Jersey Plan]], which was more favorable to the states having smaller populations, and which departed less from the Articles of Confederation.  This plan was favored by the less-populated states because each state was represented equally in Congress.  This allowed small states to have an equal amount of power.  The Virginia plan, in contrast, would have allowed the more-populated states much more power than small ones because representation in Congress was based on population.

This conflict between the big and small states may have been the most difficult to resolve in the entire Convention.  For weeks there was no progress.  Then Benjamin Franklin proposed that each day be opened by prayer.  He said, "In the beginning of the Contest with Great Britain when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the divine protection. - Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered.... And have we now forgotten that powerful friend?  or do we imagine that we no longer need His assistance?  I have lived, Sir a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth - that God Governs in the affairs of men.  And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probably that an empire can rise without His aid?"  But the delegates felt a minister was needed for that, and they could not afford to hire one!

This conflict between the big and small states may have been the most difficult to resolve in the entire Convention.  For weeks there was no progress.  Then Benjamin Franklin proposed that each day be opened by prayer.  He said, "In the beginning of the Contest with Great Britain when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the divine protection. - Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered.... And have we now forgotten that powerful friend?  or do we imagine that we no longer need His assistance?  I have lived, Sir a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth - that God Governs in the affairs of men.  And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probably that an empire can rise without His aid?"  But the delegates felt a minister was needed for that, and they could not afford to hire one!

After many weeks of arguments, a compromise was reached.  In July 1787, Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman proposed the Connecticut Plan, in which representation in the House would be proportional to population, and representation in the Senate would be 1 vote per state.  '''''This became the Great Compromise or the [[Connecticut Compromise]], and it resolved that Congress would have one house with equal representation and one house with representation based on population'''''.  This compromise became part of the Constitution (with the change that there would be two votes per state), and today we have both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

After many weeks of arguments, a compromise was reached.  In July 1787, Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman proposed the Connecticut Plan, in which representation in the House would be proportional to population, and representation in the Senate would be 1 vote per state.  '''''This became the Great Compromise or the [[Connecticut Compromise]], and it resolved that Congress would have one house with representation based on population (the House of Representatives) and one house with equal representation for every state (the Senate)'''''.  This compromise became part of the Constitution (with the change that there would be two votes per state), and to this day the United States Congress consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

This compromise also reflected the spirit of the Constitutional Convention.  Disagreements arose on a myriad of issues.  Again and again, the delegates compromised, gradually formulating the Constitution that we still use today.

This compromise also reflected the spirit of the Constitutional Convention.  Disagreements arose on a myriad of issues.  Again and again, the delegates compromised, gradually formulating the Constitution that we still use today.

A dispute arose between the North and the South over whether slaves should be counted in determining how many congressmen a State could have in the House of Representatives.  Representation was in proportion to population, but the North opposed counting slaves because that would give the South more power than if slaves were not counted.  The "Three-Fifths Compromise" counted slaves as three-fifths of a free man for the purpose of determining how many representatives a State would have in the House of Representatives (Art. I, Section 2, Paragraph 3):

A dispute arose between the North and the South over whether slaves should be counted in determining how many congressmen a State could have in the House of Representatives.  Representation was in proportion to population, but the North opposed counting slaves because that would give the South more power than if slaves were not counted.  Ironically, the southern states wanted to count slaves in order to give the southern states more representatives in the House of Representatives in Congress, while the northern states did not want to count slaves so that northern states would have more relative power.

:"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons."  

 

:"Representatives ... shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons."  

And there was one additional compromise required for slavery:  the new Congress could not ban the importation of slavery for 20 years, until 1808.

And there was one additional compromise required for slavery:  the new Congress could not ban the importation of slavery for 20 years, until 1808.