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'''Classical liberalism''' (also called '''laissez-faire liberalism''') is a term used to describe the philosophy developed by early liberals from the [[Enlightenment]] until [[John Stuart Mill]] as well as its revival in the 20th century by [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]], among others. This contemporary restatement of classical liberalism is sometimes called "new liberalism" or "neo-liberalism"  

'''Classical liberalism''' (also called '''laissez-faire liberalism''') is a term used to describe the philosophy developed by early liberals from the [[Enlightenment]] until [[John Stuart Mill]] as well as its revival in the 20th century by [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]], among others. This contemporary restatement of classical liberalism is sometimes called "new liberalism" or "neo-liberalism." Modern [[liberal]]s reject classical liberalism in favor of [[socialism]].<ref>Vance, Laurence M. (December 27, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/34256-review-of-for-a-new-liberalism Review of “For a New Liberalism”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</ref>

This political philosophy supports [[individual rights]] as pre-existing the state, and views the state as an entity which exists to protect those inherent rights. This can be ensured by a [[constitution]] or other such framework which protects individual autonomy and property from other individuals and governmental power (including economic power). The normative core of classical liberalism is the idea that in an environment of laissez-faire governance, a natural order of cooperation in exchanging goods and services emerges which satisfies human goals and desires.  

This political philosophy supports [[individual rights]] as pre-existing the state, and views the state as an entity that exists to protect those inherent rights. This can be ensured by a [[constitution]] or another such framework that protects individual autonomy and property from other individuals and governmental power (including economic power). The normative core of classical liberalism is the idea that in an environment of laissez-faire governance, a natural order of cooperation in exchanging goods and services emerges which satisfies human goals and desires.  

==The term "Classical" and modern change in meaning==

==The term "Classical" and modern change in meaning==

The qualification "classical" has been applied in retrospect to distinguish the early 19th century laissez-faire form of liberalism from modern interventionist social liberalism. The terminology is most applicable in the United States, because modern American liberalism is closer identified with [[social democracy]].

The qualification "classical" has been applied in retrospect to distinguish the early 19th-century laissez-faire form of liberalism from modern interventionist social liberalism. The terminology is most applicable in the United States because modern American liberalism is closely identified with [[social democracy]].

==Change in meaning==

==Change in meaning==

The substantial core of Classical liberalism has historically been a blend of [[political liberalism]] and [[economic liberalism]] derived from Enlightenment thinkers such as [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Voltaire]], [[John Stuart Mill]], and [[Immanuel Kant]].

The substantial core of Classical liberalism has historically been a blend of [[political liberalism]] and [[economic liberalism]] derived from Enlightenment thinkers such as [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Voltaire]], [[John Stuart Mill]], and [[Immanuel Kant]].

Many elements of this ideology developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, and it is often seen as being the natural ideology of the industrial revolution and its subsequent capitalist system. The early liberal figures now described as "classical liberals" rejected many foundational assumptions which dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion and focuses on individual freedom, reason, justice and tolerance. Such thinkers and their ideas helped to inspire the American Revolution and French Revolution.

Many elements of this ideology developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, and it is often seen as being the natural ideology of the industrial revolution and its subsequent capitalist system. The early liberal figures now described as "classical liberals" rejected many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion and focuses on individual freedom, reason, justice, and tolerance. Such thinkers and their ideas helped to inspire the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

This interpretation of liberalism arose during the [[Enlightenment]], and became influential through the [[American Revolution]] and [[French Revolution]], and was also spread in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the [[classical economists]].<ref name="economyprofessor.com">http://www.economyprofessor.com/economictheories/economic-liberalism.php</ref>

This interpretation of liberalism arose during the [[Enlightenment]], and became influential through the [[American Revolution]] and [[French Revolution]], and was also spread in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the [[classical economists]].<ref name="economyprofessor.com">http://www.economyprofessor.com/economictheories/economic-liberalism.php</ref>

Classical liberalism is the primary [[ideology]] behind politics in the United States. Both modern American [[liberalism]] and [[conservatism]] are branches of classical liberalism, as they both seek to promote individual freedom, though in different ways.

Classical liberalism is the primary [[ideology]] behind politics in the United States. Both modern American [[liberalism]] and [[conservatism]] are branches of classical liberalism, as they both seek to promote individual freedom, though in different ways.

 

 

 

A ''classical liberal'' is someone who is [[liberal]] in the original sense of the word: namely, advocating personal freedom over the divine right of the state.

==Libertarianism==

==Libertarianism==

*Sexual freedom

*Sexual freedom

*[[Equal rights]] independent of race or sex

*[[Equal rights]] independent of race or sex

== British Liberalism ==

== British Liberalism ==

* Nozick, Robert.  ''Anarchy State and Utopia'' (2001), advanced

* Nozick, Robert.  ''Anarchy State and Utopia'' (2001), advanced

*Stigler, George Joseph. ''Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist'' (1988), autobiography of leader of Chicago School of Economics

*Stigler, George Joseph. ''Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist'' (1988), autobiography of leader of Chicago School of Economics

==References==

==References==

 

[[Category:Liberalism]]

[[Category:Liberalism]]

[[Category:Conservatives]]

[[Category:Conservatives]]

[[Category:Libertarianism]]

[[Category:Libertarianism]]

[[Category:Liberal Conservatism]]

[[Category:Liberal Conservatism]]