Changes

Jefferson had a surprise waiting for him when he was sworn into the office of President.  Before President Adams left office, Congress had passed a Judiciary Act to create many new federal courts below the U.S. Supreme Court, which is created by the Constitution itself.  President Adams appointed Federalist judges to all of the new judicial positions.   

Jefferson had a surprise waiting for him when he was sworn into the office of President.  Before President Adams left office, Congress had passed a Judiciary Act to create many new federal courts below the U.S. Supreme Court, which is created by the Constitution itself.  President Adams appointed Federalist judges to all of the new judicial positions.   

When Jefferson took office, he refused to pay the salaries of some of these "midnight judges" appointed by Adams.  This led to the famous court case of ''Marbury v. Madison'' (1803), where the Supreme Court held in Jefferson's favor by declaring a provision of the Judiciary Act to be unconstitutional.  This was the first time that the Supreme Court held a federal law to be unconstitutional, but since then the Supreme Court has held many federal laws to be unconstitutional.

When Jefferson took office, he refused to pay the salaries of some of these "midnight judges" appointed by Adams.  This led to the famous court case of ''Marbury v. Madison'' (1803), where the Supreme Court held in Jefferson's favor by declaring a provision of the Judiciary Act to be unconstitutional.  This was the first time that the Supreme Court held a federal law to be unconstitutional.  Based on this "precedent" (the term used for decisions by a court which influence subsequent court cases), the Supreme Court has since held many federal laws to be unconstitutional.

For twelve years Adams would not speak to Jefferson, after which Adams and Jefferson corresponded with each other but Adams held a bitter rivalry with Jefferson until Adams died on July 4, 1826, 50 years to the day after the Declaration of the Independence.  Adams' final words were, "Thomas Jefferson survives."  But Jefferson had actually died a few hours earlier on the same day.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/04/us/john-adams-thomas-jefferson-frenemies-trnd/index.html</ref>

For twelve years after Adams lost the presidential election to Jefferson, Adams would not speak to him.  Later Adams and Jefferson corresponded with each other but Adams held a bitter rivalry with Jefferson until Adams died on July 4, 1826, 50 years to the day after the Declaration of the Independence.  Adams' final words were, "Thomas Jefferson survives."  But unbeknownst to Adams, Jefferson had actually died a few hours earlier on the same day.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/04/us/john-adams-thomas-jefferson-frenemies-trnd/index.html</ref>

== Jefferson Administration ==

== Jefferson Administration ==