Changes

Different forms of doctrine

Different forms of doctrine

Since 1930, many authentic Manichaean sources have been found, mainly in Egypt. These have made it possible to study Manichaeism without relying on the interpretations of the [[Early Christianity|Church Fathers]]. The results have raised questions among scholars about the supposedly universal radical character of all forms of Manichaean dualism<ref>Stroumsa; Drijvers; Tardieu; Koenen</ref>. Some researchers have even ventured to claim that Manichaean texts allow both a dualistic and a monotheistic interpretation<ref>e.g. Bianchi</ref>. As a result of the new evidence , the long-supposed influence of Manichaeism on the Cathars has been increasingly questioned, particularly as regards ''radical'' Catharism, because it was especially this variant of Catharism that was said to teach the same dualism as did the Manichaeans<ref>Söderberg</ref>.

Since 1930, many authentic Manichaean sources have been found, mainly in Egypt. These have made it possible to study Manichaeism without relying on the interpretations of the [[Early Christianity|Church Fathers]]. The results have raised questions among scholars about the supposedly universal radical character of all forms of Manichaean dualism<ref>Stroumsa; Drijvers; Tardieu; Koenen</ref>. Some researchers have even ventured to claim that Manichaean texts allow both a dualistic and a monotheistic interpretation<ref>e.g. Bianchi</ref>. As a result of the new evidence , the long-supposed influence of Manichaeism on the Cathars has been increasingly questioned, particularly as regards ''radical'' Catharism, because it was especially this variant of Catharism that was said to teach the same dualism as did the Manichaeans<ref>Söderberg</ref>. The only authentic Bogomil text available to us is the ''Interrogatio Iohanni''. It is clear that they taught a moderate dualism, docetism, and strict asceticism, and that they rejected marriage<ref>Obolensky</ref>.  

200 - 3rd century

200 - 3rd century

300 - 4th century

300 - 4th century

400 - 5th century

400 - 5th century

600 - 7th century

600 - 7th century

700 - 8th century

700 - 8th century

1000 - 11th century

1000 - 11th century

In both scholarly and popular accounts, the commonly held view has often been repeated that late classical [[Manichaeism]] experienced a revival in the eleventh century, a notion going back to the [[Middle Ages]] when ‘Manichaean’ was used by the orthodox catholic Christian Church as a generic label for heretics from about the year 1000 onwards, and that in the three and half centuries between 1000 and 1350 variant forms of the doctrines of ‘Manichaeism’ had spread in Europe, where followers of those doctrines were commonly known as [[Cathar]]s, even if they did not properly belong to that particular sect.  

In both scholarly and popular accounts, the commonly held view has often been repeated that late classical [[Manichaeism]] experienced a revival in the eleventh century, a notion going back to the [[Middle Ages]] when ‘Manichaean’ was used by the orthodox catholic Christian Church as a generic label for heretics from about the year 1000 onwards, and that in the three and half centuries between 1000 and 1350 variant forms of the doctrines of ‘Manichaeism’ had spread in Europe, where followers of those doctrines were commonly known as [[Cathar]]s, even if they did not properly belong to that particular sect.