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Revision as of 17:42, January 28, 2020
, 17:42, January 28, 2020→Development
300 - 4th century
300 - 4th century
The doctrine of the Council of [[Council of Nicaea|Nicaea 325]] condemned [[Arianism]] and declared the Son "consubstantial" ''homoousios'' with the Father, and the doctrine of the Council of [[Constantinople I|Constantinople 381]] condemned Macedonianism which taught that the Second Person of the Trinity, the Son, was inferior to the First Person, the Father, and that the Third Person, the Holy Spirit, was inferior to the First and Second, and declared the Holy Spirit consubstantial and equal with the Father and the Son.<ref>See [[Nicene Creed]] and [[Athanasian Creed]].</ref>
The doctrine of the Council of [[Council of Nicaea|Nicaea 325]] condemned [[Arianism]] and declared the Son ''homoousios'' "consubstantial" with the Father.
Up to 1930, our knowledge of Manichaeanism was based mainly on information from its opponents, such as the great Apostolic Father, [[Saint Augustine]] (354-430), who, according to his ''Confession'' had been a fervent Manichee before his conversion to orthodox catholic Christianity under the influence of the preaching of [[Saint Ambrose]].
Up to 1930, our knowledge of Manichaeanism was based mainly on information from its opponents, such as the great Apostolic Father, [[Saint Augustine]] (354-430), who, according to his ''Confession'' had been a fervent Manichee before his conversion to orthodox catholic Christianity under the influence of the preaching of [[Saint Ambrose]].
From the Manichaean texts it appears that the good God has foreseen the entire development of the world. He permits [[Seven Deadly Sins|wickedness]], so that at the end of time the light may shine out with a ‘higher’ quality in a New Jerusalem. This is an ''[[Eschatology|eschatological]] dualism''. There is an evolutionary perspective in Manichaeanism: everything will be better.
From the Manichaean texts it appears that the good God has foreseen the entire development of the world. He permits [[Seven Deadly Sins|wickedness]], so that at the end of time the light may shine out with a ‘higher’ quality in a New Jerusalem. This is an ''[[Eschatology|eschatological]] dualism''. There is an evolutionary perspective in Manichaeanism: everything will be better.
The Messalians, or Euchites<ref>"Euchites"—not to be confused with the bishop [[Eutyches of Constantinople]] and the heresy of [[Eutychianism]].</ref> ("Those who Pray"), are an heretical Christian sect that originated in Mesopotamia early in the fourth century, influenced by dualistic faiths like Zoroastrianism. The name 'Messalian' comes from the Syriac ܡܨܠܝܢܐ (mṣallyānā), meaning 'one who prays'. They teach that each person is born with an inner demon, and only intense prayer can drive it out. Messalians believe that God can be perceived by the carnal senses, and that this perception is necessary to reach perfection. Messalians teach that once a person has experienced the essence of God they are freed from moral obligations or ecclesiastical discipline ([[Antinomianism]]). They also believe that Lucifer is the elder son of God and a force for good, and that incest is sacred since it was practiced by the children of Adam and Eve. They have male and female teachers whom they honor more than the [[Clericalism|clergy]], the ''perfecti''. Messalian doctrine declared that the ''perfecti'' can commit incest, considering it sacred as it was practiced by the children of Adam and Eve. However, most historians agree that this was untrue in relevance to evidence from real history.
Messalianism was condemned as heretical in a [[synod]] of A.D. 383.
400 - 5th century
400 - 5th century